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PJ5129 

wlhr^^ Steinberg, Hannah, 1896-1942. 

[Montreal, 1944] .nnsti^ 
73 p. port. 22 cm. 



DOMINION OF CANADA 



A 



Guide Book 



CONTAINING 



INFORMATION 



FOR 



Intending Settlers 



PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 



OTTAWA 
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

1882 



S: 1889 







^o 



CONTENTS. 



Chapter I.— INTRODUCTORY. 

Page 

Motives to Emigrate f 

Emigration' from Europe 8 

Classes who should Emigrate 9 

Position and Extent of Canada 9* 

Chapter II.— FACTS ABOUT THE DOMINION. 

System of^Government. 

Federal Government Kj- 

Provincial Government 1 1 

Municipal Government 1 1 

Education 1 1 

Social Position 1 1 

Religion \2 

Administration of Justice. 

The Courts ,. 12 

Police 12 

Militia System 13 

Naturalization Laws 1 3: 

Climate of Canada 13 

Land System 16 

Selling and System of Conveying Lands 16 

Farms for Sale 17 

Post Office and Telegraphs. 

Postal System , l8" 

Telegraphs \(j 

Newspaper Press ip' 

Money, Banks, and Banking. 

Bills and Coins , 19 

Banking 19- 

Denominations of Money 20 

Chapter III.— PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA. 

Farming and Stock-Breeding 20 

Dairy Farming 22 

Market-Gardening, Poultry- Raising, and Bee-Keeping 23 

Fruit-Growing 23 

Forest Products 23 

Products of the Mine 24, 



' 2 

Chapter IV.— PUBLIC WORKS. 

Page. 

Canadian Canal and Inland Navigation 26 

Canadian Railways 27 

Chapter V.— PICTURESQUE AND SPORTING ATTRACTION. 

The Tourist and the Artist 29 

The Sportsman and the Angler 32 

Chapter VI.r-CANADA AS SHQWN BY FIGURES. 

Area of Provinces and Territory 33 

Population of the Dominion 33 

Trade of the Dominion 34 

Imports and Exports 34 

Canadian Fisheries ■ 34 

Revenue of the Dominion 34 

Debt and Assets of the Dominion - • 34 

Banking 34 

Chapter VIL— PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION. 

The Province of Ontario. 

Extent and Position 34 

Population, Occupations and Cities , 35 

Resources, and Demands for Labour 35 

Prosperity of Immigrants in Ontario 3° 

Climate and Productions 3° 

Means of Education 37 

Farms and Lands 37 

Free Grant Lands 37 

Conditions of Successful Settlement on Free Grants 37 

Advantages for Persons with means 3° 

Province of Quebec. 

Extent and General CapabiHties •. 3^ 

River St. Lawrence 39 

Chief Cities 39 

Lands and Surveys 39 

Climate • 39 

Soil and Productions ■ 39 

Population and Industries 4° 

Territorial Divisions and Municipal Institutions 4° 

Means of Communication , 4° 

Minerals and Fisheries 4i 

Education 4^ 

Religious and Charitable Institutions • • • • 42 

Farms for Sale, and Prices of Government Lands 42 

Valley of the Saguenay ■ 42 

Valley of St. Maurice 42 

Valley of the Matawan 43 

Ottawa Valley 43 

Below Quebec • ■ • • 43 

Free Grants and Exemptions 43 

Titles to Lands -. 44 



3 

The Eastern Townships. 

Page. 

Climate and Productions 44 

Soil and Features •. 44 

Settlement on Land, and Purchase of Improved Farms 45 

Productions and Minerals .' 45 

Communications and Markets 45 

Suitability for Immigrants 46 

Province of New Brunswick. 

General Features 46 

Climate 47 

Products 47 

Fisheries 49 

Education 49 

Social Life, and Adaptability for Settlers from Great Britain 49 

Prc\ince of Nova Scotia. 

General Features _.. 49 

Climate 5° 

Soil and the Production thereof 50 

Peat Lands 51 

Production of the Sea and Rivers 51 

Woods and Forests 51 

Game 52 

Mines and Minerals 52 

Crown Lands 52 

Education 53 

Trade and Commerce 53 

Internal Communication 53 

Time to Immigrate 53 

Halifax Harbour 53 

Province of Prince Edward Island. 

: • • 54 

Province of Manitoba. 

General Features 54 

Climate, Soil and Productions 55 

Yields of the Grains 56 

Communications and Markets 56 

System of Survey, and Directions for Taking up Farms 57 

Free Grants and Pre-emptions 58 

Directions respecting Lands 59 

What Capital to begin with 59 

Hints for Settlers in Manitoba 60 

What to take to Manitoba 6i 

Routes, and when to go 61 

Canadian Pacific Railway Lands 62 

Hudson's Bay Company's Lands 63 

School Lands 63 

Lands at Private Sale ; 63 



Province of British Columbia. 

Page. 

• 

General Features 63 

Harbours 64 

Climate 64 

Mineral Wealth — Immense Gold and Coal Deposits .-. 65 

Forests 66 

Fisheries 66 

Agriculture and Fruit-Growing 67 

Manufactures and Exports 68 

Population 68 

How to obtain Lands — 68 

Chapter VIII.— THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. 

General Features 69 

Provisional Districts. 

District ot Assiniboia 7^ 

Saskatchewan : ./ • • 7^ 

Alberta '. 7i 

Athabasca 7^ 

Chapter IX.— TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS, TRAVELLERS, DELE- 
GATES AND EMINENT MEN. 

Earl of Dufferin 71 

Marquis of Lome 7^ 

Rev. James MacGregor, D.D 73 

Hon. Horatio Seymour ,74 

Professor Sheldon 75 

The late Hon. Wm. Seward 75 

Captain Palliser 75 

Archbishop Tache • 7° 

Lieut. -Governor Robinson , 7^ 

Mr. R. W. Cameron, New York 77 

Mr. Blodgett (U. S. author on Climatology) '. . 77 

Attorney-General and Governor of Wisconsin 79 

Archbishop Lynch 79 

Test of Saskatchewan Coal 80 

Testimony of One Hundred and Fifty-Three Farmers 81 

Hon. Mr. Sutherland 82 

Prof. Macoun 82 

Extracts from Reports of Tenant Farmers Delegates from the United Kingdom. 84 

Harvey J. Philpot, M.D ^ 86 

Mr. Marshall 86 

J. W. Taylor : 87 

Hon. W. W. Ogilvie 87 

Chapter X.— INFORMATION AND ADVICE FOR INTENDING EMI- 
GRANTS. 

Government Agents ^^ 

Immigrant Stations in Canada 89 

Persons who should and who should not Emigrate to Canada 90 

The Time to Emigrate 9° 



5 

Page 

Ocean Fares and best way to reach Canada 19 

Buying Tickets • 02 

During the Passage 02 

Luggage 93 

What to take 93 

Money 94 

Practical Suggestions for Intending Immigrants 94 

Rates of Wages in Canada ge 

Tables of Wages in November, 1882 96-97 

Tables of Retail Prices of Food and Raiment 98-99 

Tables [conHmted) loo- loi 

APPENDIX. 
Dominion Lands Regulations. 

Pre-emptions 105 

Timber for Settlers 105 

Pasturage Lands 106 

General Provisions 106 

Canadian Pacific Railway Company's Lands. 

Terms of Payment 107 

Rebate J07 

General Conditions 107 

Census Abstract. 

Census of Canada — 1S71 and 1881 compared 108 

Proportions 108 

Census of 1881. 

Religions of the People •. 109 

Origins of the People 109 

Birthplaces of the People no 

Increase per cent, in Population no 

Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 Inhabitants compared. ... 11 1 

Exports and Imports. 

Summary of Exports in 1881 112 

Value of Fisheries of the Dominion 113 

Railways. 
List of Canadian Railways 114 

Banking. 

Bank Statement for September, 1882 lie 

Government Circulation. 31st August, 1882. . .' Il6 

Amount of Deposits in Savings Bank 116 

Government Savings Banks, 30th June, 1882 116 

Post Office Savings Bank 116 

City and District Savings Bank of Montreal 1 16 

Caisse d' Economic de Quebec 1 16 



6 

Canadian Canals. 



Page. 



St. Lawrence System • ^ ^7 

Ottawa Canals ^^7 

St. Lawrence and New York ^ ^7 

Trent River Navigation ^^7 

St. Peter's Canal "7 

Distances. 

Quebec to Liverpool via Straits of Belle-Isle and Malin Head ii8 

Quebec to Liverpool via Cape Race and Malin Head 1 18 

Great Circle or Air Line Distances I^° 

Analysis of Manitoba Soil. 

Analysis of Sample of Manitoba Soil **9 

Naturalization. 

United States Naturalization Law *20 

Declaratory Statement of a United States Citizen , I20 

Final Obligation of a United States Citizen. I20. 

Canadian Naturalization, and Passports 121 



DOMINION OF CANADA. 



INFORMATION 

FOR INTENDING SETTLERS., 



PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 



Chapter I— INTRODUCTORY. 



MOTIVES TO EMIGRATE. 



The first question which a man who thinks of emigrating should ask himself 
is, " Why should I do so ? " And this is perhaps the most important practical 
question of his life. It means the breaking up of all the old ties and associations 
•f his childhood, and beginning life afresh in a new country, where everything 
will at first seem new and strange to him. He will, however, in a very short 
time become familiar with his new surroundings, and the general experience is, 
that when an immigrant has lived for a few years in Canada, he is not willing to 
leave. It has happened in many cases, where the old home-feeling was very 
strong, that men who have gone back to the Old Country' with the intention of 
staying, have soon returned to Canada. 

It is true that emigration has led to many cases of individual hardship, but 
these are the exceptions to the rule ; and it is a fact that they have nearly always 
come from the unfitness to emigrate at all of the persons who have suffered. 

The object of this book is to furnish such information as will assist in form- 
ing a decision upon the question, " Why should I emigrate?" The greatest care 
will be taken to make no statement not based upon well-ascertained facts and 
figures, or which is not within the actual knowledge of the author. 

When a man is doing well at home, and sees his way to continue to do so, 
it may be a safe rule for him to let well alone. But a man may be doing well him- 
self, who has a family to bring up ; and it will very often happen that such a man 
may do equally well in Canada, and find a far better chance for educating and ad- 
vantageously placing his family, than he would find among the crowded and con- 
stantly increasing population of the mother country. 

An intending emigrant should have above all things good health, and be stout 
hearted. A man who comes to work should be prepared to do anything at first 
that comes to his hand and he should try to adapt himself to the ways of the new 



country in which he has placed his lot. He may have many things to unlearn, 
and also to learn, and especially he should learn to follow the practices proved to 
be wise, by the experience of the new country to which he goes, rather than 
make any attempt to push them aside by the use of the practices of the old 
country which he has left. This is a truth which men always in the end come to 
find out, and many have done so through disappointments, which might have ■ 
been avoided. 

The condition of success in Canada is, honest work ; and none should come 
seeking to make a living who have not made up their minds to work. Canada 
is no place for the idle or the dissipated, and none of this class should think of com- 
ing. But men of families who have even small means to live on, may do so 
cheaply and with comfort in Canada, and educate and settle their children with 
the best prospects. 

The present Minister of Agriculture (the Hon. J. H. Pope) stated in a Memo- 
randum to the Colonial Secretary, which has been before quoted, but which can- 
not be too often read, that — 

" There are very many thousands of persons throughout the Dominion who 
came to this country as labourers, without any means, in fact almost in a state of 
pauperism, and tenant farmers with very little means, who have attained a state 
of comparative independence, being proprietors of their own farms, and having 
laid by sufficient means for their declining years, while they have educated their 
children and settled them in conditions of ease and plenty. 

" In fact, the inducements to immigrate to Canada, are not simply good 
wages and good living among kindred people under the same flag, in a naturally 
rich country, possessing a pleasant and healthy climate, but the confident pros- 
pect which the poorest may have of becoming a proprietor of the soil, earning 
competence for himself, and comfortably settling his children. " 

These are facts which many thousands, not only poor men, but meii with 
amilies who are now getting good livings in the Old Country, may profitably 
ponder. 

EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE 

The continuous stream of emigration rom the old settled countries of Europe 
has within the last fifty years constituted an exodus which is one of the most re- 
markable features of modern history, and there is very little sign of its abatement. 
On the contrary, those who have settled in new countries are constantly inducing 
their friends to join them, and so the current becomes wider and deeper. 

It has in fact built up great and populous countries in Australia, and on the 
continent of America. 

About a million and a half of people have emigrated from and through Great 
Britain alone during the last ten years ; and the movement as already stated, 
does not begin to show any signs of exhaustion, but is increasing. During the 
year 1882 it was larger than ever before, as well from the United Kingelom as 
from Germany, and other parts of Europe. It appears, however that even in the 
face of this outflow there is crowding in the labor markets, and a very large 
amount of pauperism. Emigration relieves both of these, while it builds up pros- 
perous an<l happy communities m hitherto waste places of the earth. 

One feature of this emigration is that very large amounts of money are sent 
home by the immigrants within one year after their arrival, to prepay the passages 
of their friends, in order to enable them also to emigrate. The Irish and the 
Germans have been particularly conspicuous in sending back money for this pur- 
pose. No accu ate statistics of the amounts can be obtained ; but it is known 
that the sum sent to the United Kingdom alone in one year reached over 
$10,000,000 lor over ;[f2,ooo,ooo sterling;) and it is also known that many 
thousand Germans come annually in the class known as " prepaids," that is by 
money sent by friends who had come before to this continent. These striking 
facts are proof of the prosperity of the emigrants in their new homes. 

It is to show reasons why a large portion of this emigrating movement 
should be directed to the Dominion of Canada, that this book is published. 



. 9 

CLASSES WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE. 

To prevent disappointments, it is important to point out with distinctness the 
classes of persons who should be advised to emigrate to Canada. 

The Hrst great demand is for Labourers of all kinds. Agriculture being a 
leading industry of Canada, there is a very great and steady demand for all la- 
bourers who work on land. The construction of numerous railways, including the 
Pacific Railway across the continent, makes a veiy large demand for men to work 
on them. 

The demand for both these classes of labourers will probably continue to be 
greater than the supply for some time to come. 

Next in extent of demand is that for Female Domestic Servants. Very 
large numbers of these would find immediate employment and good wages in all 
parts of the Dominion. 

Mechanics and Artizans, skilled in what may be called the common trades 
(such as carpenters, joiners, bricklayers, etc.,) are also in good demand. 

The general prosperity of the countrj', and the numerous and extensive railway 
works now being pushed forward, lead to the erection of a vei-y large number of 
buildings of all sorts, and men are required to do this work. 

Children of either sex, watched over on their arrival by the parties who bring 
them out, may be absorbed in very considerable numbers. 

The various manufactures which are in active operation, and springing up in 
all parts of the Dominion, make a demand for immigrant labour. 

The getting out of timber from the forest, and its manufacture, form a leading 
industry of ihe Dominion ; and the fisheries of Canada, both on the Atlantic and 
Pacific coasts, which are almost of unlimited extent, afford a field for the particular 
kind of labour adapted to them. 

The mineral resources of the Dominion, of almost every kind, are of vast ex- 
tent, and these are constantly affording an enlarged field for mining labour. 

Professional and literary men, and clerks seeking employment in offices and 
shops, should not be advised to come to Canada, unless in pursuance of previous en- 
gagements, for the reason that there is a tendency to over-supply in these callings 
from within the Dominion itself. The children of immigrants of the working 
classes, to a large extent, seek these pursuits. 

The demand in Canada for emigrants is constantly increasing, and the opening 
up of the vast and fertile territory of the North-West has begun to attract a large 
immigrant movement, not only from Europe, but from different parts of the conti- 
nent of America, which has already assumed the proportions of an exodus. The 
questions of wages, cost of living, care of immigrants, and directions as to what 
they should do, will be treated of in detail in another part of this book. 

POSITION AND EXTENT OF CANADA. 

In the next place it is proper that the intending emigrant should have definite 
information afforded to him of the nature, extent and position on the globe of the 
country- to which he proposes to move. 

The Dominion of Canada occupies the northern half of the continent of North 
America. It has a territory of about the extent of Europe, and larger than that of 
the United States without Alaska. The southern frontier of Manitoba and the 
North-West Territory, if extended across the Atlantic Ocean, would strike the con- 
tinent of Europe a httle below the latitude of Paris ; while the southern point of 
the Province of Ontario is as far south as the latitude of Rome. Canada is there- 
fore the physical equivalent on the continent of America of the great empires and 
kingdoms of Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, the British Islands, 
Russia in Europe, and Sweden and Norway. 

This vast territory comprises an area in round numbers oi 3,500,000 square 
miles. From east to west it stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, and 
from the southern latitudes above stated to the Arctic Circle. 

Very large portions of this great territory are cultivable ; and those portions 
not cultivable are rich in mineral wealth. The proportion of cultivable land 



10 

suited to the productions of the temperate zones in the Dominion is quite as large 
as that in the United States. It possesses the largest extent of land yet open for 
settlement adapted to the growth of the grasses, cereals, and other productions 
of the temperate climates, not only on the continent, but in the world. 

It has many thousands of square miles of the finest forests on the continent, 
and many thousands of square miles of the most fertile prairie land. 

Its rivers and lakes form one of the most remarkable physical features ot 
the continent. This water system furnishes important facilities for communica- 
tion ; and the course of the St. Lawrence is in the line of the shortest sailing 
circle across the Atlantic The same favorable condition prevails on the west 
coast from the terminus of the Pacific Railway, now well advanced in construction,, 
across the Pacific Ocean to the markets of China, Japan, and also to Australia. 
Coupled with these impoitant commercial conditions there is the fact that the 
Canada lacific Railway crosses the continent on the shortest line through the 
fertile belt, and at the "gate" of the Rocky Mountains, crossing them on immensely 
more favorable conditions than the line of railway which reaches the Pacific coast 
at San Francisco. 

Canada has fisheries of almost boundless extent, both on its Atlantic and 
Pacific coasts, which are without equals on the continent, or, it is believed, in the 
world. It has coal-fields of immense extent, both on its Atlantic and Pacific 
coasts ; and there are large deposits beneath the surface, of its prairie lands east of 
the Rocky Mountains. It has also iron, gold, silver, copper, lead, and other mines 
of great richness ; together with almost every description of the most valuable 
building materials ; also petroleum, salt, etc. 

It has great variety of climates, from the Arctic to that of almost the most 
southern of the temperate zones. The climates of the settled portions ot 
the Dominion, and of the lands open for settlement, are among the most pleasant 
and healthy in the world, and favorable to the highest development of human 
energy. 

The Dominion of Canada must, therefore, from these facts, become, in the 
not distant future, the home of one of the most populous and powerful peoples 
of the earth. 

As at present constituted, it is divided into seven Provinces, viz. : Nova 
Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, 
and British Columbia, together with the vast extent of North- West Territory ; 
out or which the Districts of Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Athabasca, 
have been formed ; districts which will in the near future become great provinces 
of the Dominion, each having a territory as large as an European Kingdom or 
Empire. 

Every immigrant will have an inheritance in the great future of the Dominion, 
and help to build it up. 

Chapter II.— FACTS ABOUT THE DOMINION. 

It is desirable that the intending emigrant should be informed of what may 
be called Facts about the Dominion, with respect to its government, its people,, 
and their social position, and also with respect to population, wealth and general 
progress. 

SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. 

The Government of Canada is Federal, that is, there is a Central General 
Government for the whole Dominion ; and the several provinces have separate 
Legislatures, and manage their own local affairs. 

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 

The Federal Government has for its head a Governor-General appointed by 
the Queen, having however his salary paid by the people of Canada ; a Senate, 
consisting of members who are appointed for life by the Crown on the nomina- 
tion of the Ministry ; a House of Commons, elected by the p>eople of the whole 



11 

Dominion, with a very free saiifrage, almost universal ; and a Ministry consisting 
of Heads of Departments, having seats in the House of Commons and in the 
Senate, who are responsible to the House of Commons, not only for all monies 
expended, but for their tenure of office. 

It is believed that this system is practically more free than that of the 
Republic of the United States, in that it gives the people more direct control over 
their rulers, to make and unmake them at pleasure, while at the same time it 
affords conditions of well-ordered stability. 

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 

The Lieutenant-Governors of the several Provinces are appointed by the 
Federal or General Government, but the Legislatures are elected by the people of 
the Provinces, and are very independent within their respective spheres. 

The Province of Ontario has only one chamber, the Legislative Assembly, 
and a responsible Ministry-. 

The Province of Quebec has two chambers, and a responsible Ministry, as 
have also New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and some of the other Provinces. 

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 

There is a ver>- perfect system of Municipal Government throughout the 
Dominion. Both the counties and townships have local governments or Councils, 
which regulate their local taxation for roads, taxes for schools, and other purposes 
so that every man directly votes for the taxes ^vhich he pays. 

This system of responsibility, from the municipalities up to the General 
Government, causes everywhere a feeling of contentment and satisfaction, the 
people with truth believing that no system of government which can be devised 
on earth can give them greater freedom. 

EDUCATION. 

Means of education, from the highest to the lowest, everj'where abound in 
the Dominion. The poor and middle classes can send their children to free 
schools, where excellent education is given ; and the road to the colleges and 
higher education is open and easy for all. In no country in the world is good 
education more generally diffused than in Canada. In many thousands of cases 
the children of immigrants who came to Canada without any means, in a state of 
poverty, very little removed from absolute pauperism, have received thorough 
education, and have the highest prizes which the country offers before them. 
They have thus attained a state of well-being which would have been impossible 
for them at home, and which affords the most striking possible contrast with the 
dismal prospect which the workhouse wuld have afforded for a large number of 
them, when their strength for labour should have passed away. 

SOCIAL POSITION. 

An intending emigrant should be well-informed with respect to the social 
position of the people of the country in which he intends to cast his lot ; and here 
in the first place it may be stated that society is less marked by the distinctions of 
caste than in the Mother Country ; while there is at the same time a careful 
preservation of those traditions which give the general features to English society 
and which are found the world over. 

The reasons of this important social fact are plain before the eyes of every 
observer. Apart from there being no social class of feudal nobility in Canada, 
almost every farmer and agriculturalist in the Dominion is the owner of his 
acres ; the lord of the soil. He owns no master, but is free to do as he wills. 

This sense and state of independence among those who follow the leading 
industry of the Dominion, naturally permeates the whole social system, and pro- 
duces a condition of social freedom which is impossible in all those countries of 
the old world in which feudal castes prevail. 



.12 

Agricultural labourers have come to Canada in a state of poverty not far 
-removed from pauperism, who have by their industry and earnings been very soon 
enabled to obtain farms of their own ; and give their children thorough education ; 
•first in the Primary schools, second in the Grammar schools, and lastly in the 
•Colleges and Universities. 

_ It is the same with mechanics and artisans as respects success in their several 
..callings, and the education of their children. 

It thus happens in these conditions that the children of the poorest attain to 
conditions of well being and social refinement, and rise to the highest positions, 
in society, in the professsions, in the legislatures, and as Ministers of the Crown. 
Mj It is found that people from the older countries of Europe when they come 
to"" have experience of this freedom of society in Canada, would not willingly 
>£xchange it for any other. • . ' 

RELIGION. 

'On this head it may be enough to say that the utmost religious liberty every- 
where prevails in Canada. 

Immigrants coming to the Dominion from Europe, of every religious persua- 
sion, will find their own churches, and abundant facilities for the practice of their 
faith, among neighbours who will sympathize with their views. ' 

THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 

The Criminal and Civil Laws of Canada, as well as their administration, 
ensure impartial justice lor all, and give everywhere a sense of satisfaction. The 
Criminal Law is copied from the English system. The judges are appointed by 
the Crown for life ; and they are chosen, whatever Minister may be in power, 
from among those who, by their ability, learning and practice at the Bar, have 
worked their way to the front rank of their profession. 

The purity of the Canadian Bench is never questioned. Party politics and 
feelings run high, but the Bench is never suspected of being influenced by them. 
When a lawyer becomes a judge, he disappears from the political arena. 

THE COURTS. 

The highest is the Supreme Court of Canada, composed of a Chiet Justice 
and five puisne judges. It has appellant jurisdiction throughout the Dominion, in 
criminal as well as civil cases. This is the only Dominion Court, all the others 
being Provincial. Among these' are the Court of Chancery, the Court of Queen's 
Bench, the Court of Common Pleas, the Court of Error and Appeal, the Superior 
Courts, the County Courts, the General Sessions and Division Courts. In the 
chief towns and cities there are Stipendiary Magistrates who sit daily for the 
hearing of ordinary police cases. They also have jurisdiction in certain civil 
cases, such as the non-payment of wages. Aldermen of cities have magisterial 
powers ex officio. In all parts of the country there are Justices of the Peace, 
holding their commissions from the Crown, who enquire into all such cases as 
may arise within thei rrespective jurisdictions. 

The system of jury trial everywhere prevails. The expenses of litigation are 
as a rule less than in England, on account of the attempts which have been suc- 
cessfully made to simplify all proceedings. 



The Police force throughout the Dominion forms a part ot the municipa 
system, and is paid from local or municipal taxes, with the exception of a very small' 
force maintained by the Dominion, in connection with the Parliament Buildings 
and the shipping in one or two of the sea ports. 

There is no more peaceful country under the sun, and no more law-abiding, 
steady and industrious people than the agricultural population of Canada. The 
_county jail is'often unoccupied by prisoners for months together. 



13 

THE MILITIA SYSTEM 

The militia force ot Canada is entirely composed of volunteers. The citizen 
soldiers, in camp and on parade, show how thoroughly they have learnt their 
duties. They serve at once for the nucleus of an army, should the services of 
such ever be required, and give assurance of stability for the support of the laws. 
Forced service is practically unknown among the people, and could only come 
into play when the security of the state was seriously threatened. The volunteer 
soldiers are not by any portion of the people looked on as engines of oppression^ 
but, on the contrary, as the guardians of liberty. The people of Canada are 
attached to their country and its institutions, and their loyalty is as unbounded* 
as their prosperity. 

NATURALIZATION LAWS. 

Foreigners who may desire to emigrate to Canada, should be informed of 
the nature of the Naturalization Laws. These are marked by a spirit of great 
liberality. A foreigner can transact any business and hold real estate in Canada,, 
without being naturalized. By residing three years, and taking the oath ot 
allegiance, he becomes a naturalized British subject. The oath required to be 
taken is of simple allegiance, and does not require any offensive renunciation. 
Naturalization confers political and all other rights of a British subject in^ 
Canada. 

There has long been a question as to the status which a person naturalized in' 
Canada, say a German, would have on returning home to Germany. This has,, 
however, at length been determined by a Circular Despatch from the Imperial' 
Government, dated in May, 1882, and which is published at length in the 
Appendix to this book. 

It appears from this that aliens, naturalized in Canada, are placed on the 
same footing, as regards their claim to British protection out of the Queen's 
Dominions, as aliens naturalized in the United Kingdom. The point of reserva- 
tion, however, is, that an alien is held to be subject to any duty he owed his- 
Government at the time he left. Precisely the same rule prevails as regards all 
Germans who go to the United States ; the United States and Canada being: 
placed on an equal footing in this respect. 

It is of interest for persons who contemplate emigrating from the United 
Kingdom to the American Continent, to consider what they will find in, and* 
what is implied by, the Naturalization Laws of America, if they should be askei 
to choose the United States rather than the Northern or British half of the- 
continent. It is required of every person from the British Islands, who desires 
to become an American citizen, that he take two oaths — one of intention, and one 
of facts, the latter after five years' residence. These oaths are not simply of alle- 
giance to the Constitution and Laws of the United States; but also of special 
renunciation of the status of a British subject. In other words, in effect, by two 
solemn oaths, the emigrant is made to renounce his British birth-right, and in the 
event of war to become an enemy of Great Britain. The exact "forms of these 
oaths are published in the Appendix to this book; and intending Brili.sh emigrants 
to America would do well to consider them. In some of the States, the great 
State of New York, for instance, a British subject could not hold real estate without 
taking such oaths ; and he could not in any of the States exercise any of the 
rights of American citizenship. 

THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. 

There is no more important question for an intending emigrant than the 
nature of the climate of the country to which he pro oses to go. The climate 
of Canada has been already incidentally spoken of as having great variety — from 
the Arctic to that of the most southern of the temperate zones. It is more 
misconceived abroad than any other fact pertaining to the country. Perfectly 
absurd ideas prevail respecting the rigors of Canadian winters. It is true the 
winters are decided, and snow, in many parts, covers the ground to the depth of; 



14 

two or three feet; but there are great advantages in this — the snow is perfectly 
dry and packs under foot, making the best roads, and forming a warm covering 
for the earth. The dry winter atmosphere is bracing and pleasant. The sun 
shines brightly by day, and the moon and stars by night, during by far the greatest 
part of the time. And, besides being pleasant, there is no healthier climate 
under the sun. There are no endemic diseases in Canada. The sensation of 
cold is far more unpleasant in Canada during the damp days (such as mark the 
winters in England) than when the winter regularly sets in. 

The summers, like the winters, are also of decided character, being in the 
main warm and bright; and fruits and vegetables which cannot be ripened in 
the open air in England, such as the grape and the tomato, will here ripen t® 
perfection. The summers are much more favourable for the horticulturist and 
the agriculturist than those of England, with the single exception of length of 
time in which out-door work can be done. 

Canada has the latitudes of Italy, France, Germany, Austria, the British 
Islands, Russia, and Sweden and Norway ; and has as many varieties of climates 
as have those countries. There is greater cold in winter in many of the latitudes 
of Canada than in corresponding latitudes in Europe. The summer suns, how- 
ever, are about the same. 

The intending emigrant, in going from the central counties of England, 
Denmark, northern Prussia, or from the south of Sweden to Central Illinois, 
Missouri or Indiana, must go fourteen degrees, or nearly one thousand miles, 
due south, and make the same change in climate as he would were he to migrate 
to Palestine, Independent Tartary or Persia — that is, must go from a climate of 
comparatively cool summers, with a humid atmosphere, to one of intense heat 
and severe droughts. Those who migrate from the north of England, from 
Scotland, Norway or Sweden, to Kansas, Central Missouri or Southern Illinois, 
must undergo a still greater change of agriculture, for they give up, as their 
staples, the grains, pastures and meadows, with their accompanying herds and 

flocks. ^ o 1 

The summer temperatures of England are from 60 to 62 ; those of Central 
Illinois, Missouri and Kansas, 75° to 78°. London (the summer months, from 
July to August) has 61°; Liverpool, 57° 6'; Edinburgh, 57° i'; Dublin, 60°; the 
Central Counties of England, 62°; the Northern Provinces of Prussia, 62°; the 
Central Provinces of Prussia, 63°; Berlin, 64° 5'; Denmark (Central), 62° 7'; but 
the Central part of Illinois 75°; Kansas and Missouri higher still, 77° to 78°. 

These latter temperatures are 15° to 18° higher than those of England and 
the Northern Provinces of Prussia, and at least 10° to 15° higher than the best 
climates for grains and grasses. 

But high temperatures and a burning sun are not the only enemies with 
which the emigrant, going so far south, has to contend. The want of rain is 
another and even more grievous defect in the climate in those parts of the 
United States; for high summer temperatures, with heavy rains, are conditions 
of climate favouring tropical plants; but high temperatures, without rain, are 
destructive of all vegetation; and high temperatures, with an insufficiency of 
rain, give only imperfect crops. Those parts of the States just named very much 
resemble Palestine, Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Independent Tartary. Both 
regions are similarly situated on the continents — both are in the zones of the 
summer droughts, high temperatures, arid winds and rapid evaporation, but 
with this important feature in favour of the Asiatic countries — they lie nearer 
the ocean and Mediterranean Sea,' which render the atmosphere more humid, 
and modify the droughts. 

North of these desert and semi-desert areas, both in the old and new worlds, 
lie the zones of summer rains and moderate summer temperatures, two elements 
of climate most favourable for the grains and grasses. In Europe', the capacity 
of the central and higher latitudes for cereals, coarser grains, pastures and 
meadows, has been fully tested and acknowledged. On this continent, similar 
climates are producing similar effects. Throughout Canada, from the Atlantic 
to Lake Superior, those great staples of the central ^d higher portions of the 
temperate zones produce better, surer and more abundant crops than in any of Uie 



15 

States to the south-west of the Lakes. Along the valleys of the Red, Ajsiniboine, 
Saskatchewan and Mackenzie Rivers, for more than seven hundred miles north 
of the United States' boundary, wheat has been grown, yielding a far more 
abundant return than in the best portions of the Republic : and where wheat 
ripens in such positions we have the best climates for the coarser grains, grasses 
and root crops. Barley, the grasses and many root crops grow twelve hundred 
miles north of the boundary. These plants are the fruits of the summer rains 
and summer temperature of from 58° to 70° of Fahrenheit. The significance of 
the facts here stated — the high latitudes to which these plants go — is the proof 
they give of the immense agricultural- areas in the interior of the continent north of 
the 49th parallel. 

South of these fertile regions and west of the looth meridian, these plants, 
except in spots where irritation can be procured, from climatic defects either fail 
entirely or succeed but imperfectly, chiefly from a deficiency or entire absence of 
i-ain during the agricultural months, accompanied with high summer temperatures ; 
and over the States lying immediately east of these desert areas, the summer 
heat is too great for the profitable growth, of these products, and the rain still 
deficient, or rendered unsufficient through high temperatures and rapid 
evaporation. 

The most southern part of Canada is on of the same parallel as Rome in 
Italy, Corsica in the Mediterranean, and the northern part of Spain — farther 
south than France, Lombardy, Venice or Genoa. The northern shores of Lake 
Huron are in the latitude of Central France, and vast territories not yet surveyed, 
embracing many million acres of land of good quality, lie south of the parallel of 
the northern shores of Lake Huron, where the climates are favourable for all the 
great staples of the temperate zones. 

It may be interesting to look at the climate of Canada in the light of its pro- 
ductions, and with this view, some quotations will be made from Mr. Marshall's 
recent work on Canada, because his opinions are those of a well informed 
stranger, and one who tells us that he entered Canada without prepossessions in 
its favor, meaning as we infer, that he was prepossessed unfavourably towards the 
country, having come into it through the States, and, like many Englishmen, 
received his first impression of Canada, both before he left England and after- 
wards from Americans. 

Mr. Marshall visited an agricultural show which represented only the country 
around London, Ontario. Of this he says : — 

" The fine display of produce surprised me. Wheat, barley, oats and other 
cereals were well represented. Maize shows excellent samples. The i"oots 
and vegetables were surprisingly fine. A field pumpkin which I measured was 
four feet ten inches in circumference, ; a squash eight feet three inches, weighing 
150 lbs. (We have seen them 350 lbs., open air growth. No better illustration 
could be given of a summer, semi-tropical in heat and of great duration, than 
the maturing of the pumpkins and squash of such great size. ) The potatoes were 
the finest I have ever seen. There were a great number of varieties, citrons, 
melons marrows and tomatoes, were also exceptionally large and fine. 

" It is difficult to speak of the returns of grain commonly yielded to the 
farmer in this country. I have seen some fields that yielded forty bushels to the 
acre, others not far distant giving but fifteen. (No doubt, in a new country, where 
many turn farmers not before acquainted with it, the average yield gives a poor 
idea of the capabilites of the soil. ) I remarked one morning a particularly poor 
looking crop of Indian corn. On the Sunday, in the same county, I walked 
through a field of forty acres of this splendid plant, growing to a height of eighteen 
to twenty feet, and yielding thirty-seven tons to the acre as food for cattle, I 
. plucked an ear nearly ripe, eighteen inches long, and counted six hundred grains 
on it." (p. 79). Usually there are two ears, sometimes three on one stock 
or stem — not, of course, all so large. 

" Upwards of a hundred varieties ot apples were exhibited. For cooking 
there were the Cayuga, Red Streak, or twenty-ounce Pippin, an imposing fruit, 
measuring sometimes over fifteen inches ; the Alexander, of glorious crimson 
the red Astrachan, Snow apples, so named from the whiteness of the pulp 



16 

the Gravenstein, Baldwin and many others. For dessert, there were the Fameuse, 
the streaked St. Lawrence, the Spitzenberg, the Seek-no-farther, of gold and red " 
(p. 76). " The Canadian apple is the standard of excellence " (p. 5). 

" Even in California, the orchard of the Union, the superiority of the Can- 
adian apple was, to my surprise, confessed — vast quantities are exported to Eng- 
land, and sold as American, their nationality being lost " (p. 77). "Fruit and 
vegetables grow generously. Melons and tomatoes grow equally with the potatoe, 
pea, turnip, and the rest of the vegetables known in England. The grape 
thrives well. Raspberries, strawberries, blackberries (or brambles), cranberries, 
cherries and other fruits, currants, plums, grapes, apples, etc., grow wild. 
Orchards everywhere thrive." 

These facts suggest some practical considerations worthy ot the consideration 
of emigrants. 

LAND SYSTEM. 

As regards the land system of the Dominion, it may be stated that in the 
Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward 
Island and British Columbia, with the exception of a trace in the last named Pro- 
vince, ceded to the Dominion for the purpose of the Pacific Railway, the landsare 
held by the several Provincial Governments. ' In several of the Provinces, free 
grants are given to immigrants, and in almost all cases in which Government land 
is for sale, it is offered at prices which are merely nominal, and which really only 
amount to settlement duties, it may also be stated that partially cleared farms, 
with the necessary buildings erected thereon, maybe purchased in almost any 
part of the Dominion, at very moderate prices, and on very easy terms of payment. 
This arises from a disposition very common all over America, on the part of 
farmers, to sell out old settlements, and take up more extensive new ones. The 
facilities thus afforded are particularly advantageous to tenant farmers or farmers 
possessing small capital who come to Canada, as from their previous training they 
are not so well adapted for the settlement of wild lands as persons brought up in 
this country. 

The lands in the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories are 
held by the Dominion Government, which gives a free grant of 160 acres to 
every settler on the condition of three years' residence, and the payment of an 
office or entry fee of $10.00 {£,1 stg. ). The free homesteader may also pre-empt 
the adjoining quarter-section of 160 acres, which in a good locality he can buy at 
$2.50 (or los. stg.) per acre ; or $2 (8s. stg.) per acre. 

The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has received a grant from the Gov- 
ernment of 25,000,000 acres in alternate sections (this company's lands are the 
odd-numbered sections), which' they offer for sale at $2.50 (or 10 shillings stg.) 
an acre, giving a rebate of $1.25 (or 5s. stg.) for every acre cultivated within four 
years. The great object of this company being to secure settlement, to bring traffic 
for their railway, they offer the land at these nominal prices. 

The Hudson Bay Company has yet to dispose of nearly 7,000,000 acres ot 

and in the fertile belt: which it acquired at the cession of this territory to the 
Dominion. This company sells its lands at prices varying from $5.00 to $10.00 

or £\ to £z stg. ) per acre, its interest being simply to obtain fair market values. 

HOW TO OBTAIN LANDS. 

More particular details respecting the public lands of the Province and of 
the Dominion, the prices and modes of obtaining them, will be given under their 
appropriate heads in another part of this book, the object of these lines being to 
afford a general appreciation of the Canadian land system. 

SELLING AND SYSTEM OF CONVEYING LANDS IN CANADA. 

Lands are bought and sold as readily in Canada as any kind of merchandise, 
and the system of conveying them is not much more intricate or expensive than 
that of making out bills or parcels. This extreme simplicity and conciseness in 



17 

conveyancing very frequently excites the astonishment ot those who have been 
accustomed to the skins of parchment, and long and dreary nomenclature com- 
mon in such instruments in the Mother Country. 

In Manitoba, for instance, a parcel of ground may be described by a few 
figures, namely, the number of the section or part ot a section, the number of the 
township, and the nun-vber of the range. These three figures afford an instant 
and absolute description of any land in the surveyed portions of the Norlh-West. 
The words "sell and assign," for so much money, cover the transfer. This is 
signed before a notary or a commissioner, the deed is registered, and the transac- 
tion is complete. In the other Provinces the forms are verj' little different and 
very little longer, although the definitions of property cannot be simply expressed 
by the numbers of the section, township and range. 

This simple system does not give rise to any ambiguity or doubtfulness of 
title ; and the people who have become used to these concise and convenient forms 
would not endure any other. 

FARMS FOR SALE. 

What are called " improved farms" may be purchased on reasonable terms,' 
in all the older Provinces. By the term "improved farms" is meant farms either 
wholly or partially cleared of woods, and having fences, farm-houses, out-buildings, 
barns, etc. ; in short every appliance with which to begin at once the life of a 
farmer. 

It has been sometimes asked : If farming is the main industry of the country, 
and the farmers are prosperous, vhy can farms be so readily purchased? The 
answer is simple. There is a tendency spreading over a large part of the continent 
of North America for farmers comfortably settled in the East to move to the West, 
and again commence pioneer life. A famier who has brought up a family of 
sons on the old homestead may not be able, perhaps, to buy other land near, on 
terms within his means, on which to settle his sons ; but he may sell his holding 
for, to him, a considerable sum of money, and with this obtain still broader acres 
for himself and his sons. There is also a sort of fascination in this sort of pioneer 
life for many men who have once had experience of it. 

In consequence of this tendency many thousands of persons have left comfort- 
able farms and residences, selling all out and proceeding to Manitoba or elsewhere 
in the West, within the last few years. This kind of movement is, in fact, a sort 
of fever at the present time, and it is exactly similar to that which prevailed in the 
Eastern States a few years ago, when the West was being settled ; and population 
in some of the Eastern States actually went back. 

It happens in many cases, in fact almost as a rule, that immigrants accustomed 
to the manners and settled life of an old countiy, would feel themselves more at 
home in taking up these improved farms in the older Provinces than in attempting 
pioneer life in unsettled portions of the countiy. As a rule, also, old Canadian 
settlers and pioneers are the best adapted for pioneer life on the prairies. Newly- 
arrived immigrants taking up the farms which would be sold by this class, would 
find themselves in the midst of society, churches and schools, such as they had 
been accustomed to. The social changes which they would have to make in 
selecting this mode of settlement would be only slight in degree ; while in going 
to the unsettled portions of the far West they would be deprived for a time, it 
might be, however, only for a short time, of those conditions. It thus happens, for 
tunately f'or a large class, that improved farms can be so readily found and obtained. 

The prices for improved farms in the Province of Ontario range from $25 to 
$50 (^5 to jC^o stg. ) per acre ; and in some cases more, where all the buildings 
and fences are specially valuable, or the farm has special features. In the Eastern 
Townships of the Province of Quebec such farms might be bought for from $20 
to $30 {^4 tO;!^6 stg.) per acre; and in the Maritime Provinces of New Bruns- 
wick and is'ova Scotia at about the same figure. These farms may generally be 
bought by paying down a part of the purchase money, and the remainder by in- 
stalments in four or five years as may be agreed. It thus happens that conditions 
are afforded especially favourable for the tenant farmer from the United Kingdom, 



18 

with a little capital, to acquire a farm on which he is fitted by his previous habits . 
to live, while the older settler of the country, with more special adaptation for 
pioneer life is afforded a chance to follow it. 

Some of the Agricultural Delegates who recently visited this country asked 
why farms might be so cheaply bought in the older Provinces of Canada. The 
answer given to them was, that in so far as respected price, it was to be observed 
that the" value of occupied land in the older parts of a new country like Canada, 
must necessarily, to a great extent, be governed — first, by the cost of clearing new 
forest land in the wooded parts ; and, second, by the faciUty with which _ prairie 
land can be obtained free to the extent of i6o acres, on the simple condition of 
continuous settlement for three years. It must be plain to all men that the fac 
of vast areas being open to settlement on such conditions will largely affect prices 
of occupied land a few hundred miles distant, with which there is connection both 
by water and rail. * 

POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. 

POSTAL SYSTEM. 

The Postal System of Canada extends to every village and hamlet in the land, 
a« matter how remote from the centres of business and population. 

The number of Post Offices in 1881 was 5,935 

" Miles of Post Route 40,681 

" Miles of Annual Mail Travel 17,068,241 , 

" Letters in the same year 48,170,000 

" Post Cards 9,640,000 

" Registered Letters 2,252,000 

Postal Revenue $ 1,767,162 

The Postal Mileage of the year was made up as follows : 

Land Routes, by stage, on horseback, or on foot. . 9,961,329 

By steamboat or sailing packet 652,717 

By railway 6,454,195 

Total Mileage 17,068,241 

These figures shew postal activity in Canada. 

The rate of letter postage is 3 cents (i>^d.) per half-ounce, prepaid. The 
postage for letters between Canada and the United Kmgdom is 5 cts. [2%d.) 

The average passage of the Mail Steamers is about nine days. Postal Cards 
can be sent between Canada and the United Kingdom for 2 cts. (id. stg.) 

The newspaper postage in Canada is merely nominal ; and there is a parcel, 
sample, and book post, at a cheap rate, which are found very useful. ^ Ji';i? 

The money order system in operation is similar to that of England."";^ All 
Money Order Offices are authorized to draw on each other for any sum up to" one 
hundred dollars ; and any applicant may receive as many one hundred dollar orders 
as he may require. The rates are as follows : — 

On orders not exceeding $ 4 2 cents. 

On orders up to 10 5 

Over $10, up to 20 10 " 

" 20, " 40 20 " 

" 40, " 60 30 " 

." 60, " 80 40 " 

" 80, " 100. 50 " 

The Money Order Offices in Canada issue orders payable at Money Order 
Offices in the United Kingdom, and vice versa, for any amount up to ten pounds, 
sterling, and grant as many orders under and up to that sum as the applicant may 
require. 

The rates are : — 

On orders up to ;i^2 25 cents. 

Over £2 and up to ;^5 5° 

" ;^5 " £7 75 ;; 

" £7 " £^0 100 



19 

TELEGRAPHS. 

The telegraph system in Canada is in the hands of public companies chartered 
by Act of Parliament. The large-t and most important of these is the Great 
>iorth- Western Company of Canada. This is formed by the union of the old 
Montreal and Dominion companie-- ; and the extent of its operations will convey 
an impression of the extent to which telegraphy is practised in Canada. This 
company has 31,673 miles of wire in operation, and 17,042 poles. The rate in 
Canada for a message of ten words, address and signature not counted is 25 cts. 
(is. stg.) and one cent for each additional word. A message is sent at this rate 
for a distance of 1,300 miles. The price for special newspaper reports is as cheap 
as 25 cts. (is. stg.) per 100 words; and the actual number of wonls of newspaper 
reports received at one city, Toronto, and furnished in one year, is 10,807,668. 
This company has a capital of $3,500,000, with 2,000 offices, and 2,500 
employees. Besides this great Company there is the Canadian Mutual, and the 
Government also owns some telegraph wires. 

The Telephone system is in very active operation in all the towns of Canada; 
and the city of Ottawa alone, with a population of about 28,000, has about 100 
Hiiles of wire in operation. 

NEWSPAPER PRESS. 

The Canadians are well supplied with newspapers. Every considerable 
village in the Domini m publishes its newspaper ; and in all the large towns, 
they are several. These newspapers are for the most part conducted with 
energ}' and ability. They are supplied with full telegraphic reports from all parts 
of the globe. All important news that transpires in the United Kingdom, and 
Europe is instantly published in Canada; and, in fact, owing to the difference in 
mean time, an event which takes place in London at five o'clock in the afternoon, 
may be known in Canada at about noon of the same day. 

As a rule the newspapers of Canada discuss party politics with vivacity, but 
all, with scarcely an exception, are in a marked degree loyal to British connection. 

There are a number of special commercial publications; as well as monthly 
periodicals devoted to agriculture, literature, medicine and branches of science ; 
and three illustrated weekly papers. 

MONEY, BANKS AND BANKING. ' 

BILLS AND COINS. 

The money used in Canada consists of bank bills, gold and silver coins, and 
bronze in single cents. The bank bills are instantly convertible into gold ; and 
rom the confidence they everywhere command, practically displace gold from the 
circulation, being more portable and easily handled. 

The Dominion Government issue notes of the small denominations up to 
$4.00, the banks not being by law allowed to issue notes of lower denominations 
than $5.00. It therefore happens that the bulk of the paper money in circu- 
lation and actually in the hands of the people is government currency. The 
banking laws are so framed as to prevent the possibility of loss to the holders of 
bank currency ; and even in times of severest crisis, the public confidence in it is 
not impaired. 

BANKING, 

In the Appendix to this Book, some figures are given of the banking opera- 
tions in Canada; which the intending emigrant is invited to study, as an important 
fact relating to the country in which he is about to take up his abode. 

There is a system of Savings Banks, connected with the regular chartered 
banks, and also with the Post Office, similar to that in the United Kingdom. 
Depositors in these Savings Banks obtain from three to four per cent, interest on 
their money. Previous to making their permanent investments, immigrants are 
advised to deposit their money in one of these banks on their arrival in th^ 



20 

country. They are also advised to look well about them and become thoroughly 
acquainted with all the facts, taking sufficient time to do so, before venturing on 
the important step of making permanent investments. 

DENOMINATIONS OF MONEY. 

It may be explained that the denominations ot money in Canada are Dollars 
.and Cents, although the denominations of Pounds, Shillings and Pence are legal. 
But the system of Dollars and Cents being decimal, is much more convenient 
than Pounds^ Shillings and Pence; and, moreover, being in use all over the con- 
tinent of America, that nomenclature is used in this publication. A comparison 
with sterling is subjoined, which will at once enable the reader to understand in 
sterling, values stated in dollars and cents : 



Sterling into Dollars and Cents. 

$ CtS. 

\d. sterling is o ox 

\d. " " o 02 

\s. " " o 24 

;^l " " 487 



Dollars and Cents into Sterling. 

£s. d. 

I cent is o 00^ 

I dollar is o 4 i^ 

4 " " o 16 5I 

5 " " I o 6^ 



For small change, the half-penny sterling is i cent, and the penny sterling 
2 cents. For arriving roughly at the approximate value of larger figures, the 
Pound sterling may be counted at 5 Dollars. This sign $ is used to indicate the 
dollar. 

Chapter III.— PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA. 

The object of this chapter is less to give a detailed account of the productions 
of Canada, which would be impossible in a book of this kind, than to point out 
their nature for the information of possible workers in the several branches, or for 
men with capital who may desire to embark in them. 

At the head of these stand farming and stock-breeding. 

FARMING AND STOCK-BREEDING. 

Canada seems especially fitted to supply the United Kingdom with much ot 
the fann pfoduce that is necessary for her to import. The older Provinces export 
horses, beef, mutton, butter, cheese and fruits, as their leading staples from the 
field and the garden; while Manitoba and the North-West export wheat and 
other grains. Large ranches have also been successfully established on the great 
grass lands at the base of the Rocky Mountains ; and when these come into full 
play, their products will be enormous. The cattle can be driven to the nearest 
railway stations; which are not more distant from the Atlantic sea-ports than 
are those railways in the United States, West and South-west, which now success- 
fully bring cattle via Chicago, to the Atlantic ports for export to Great Britain. 

The general healthfulness of climate, and favorable conditions for feeding all 
kinds of stock, which prevail in the older Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New 
Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, as well as in what may be 
called the new North-West, leave no room for doubt that Canada is capable of 
supplying the needs of the mother-country as respects supplies of horses, cattle 
and sheep. It is to be remarked, moreover, that since the beginning of this ex- 
port trade, there have been marked improvements in stock, by the importation of 
Short-horn, Polled Angus, Hereford and other varieties. 

The soil of Canada may be said to be the source of her greatest wealth and 
strength. Her forest lands, her smiling farms, and her rich and vast rolling 
prairies, make the attraction she offers for the agriculturist. 

There may be more scientific farming in England and in Scotland, than in 
Canada. English high farmers would find in Canada much that they would 
consider very rough work; but there are exceptions of highly-cultivated farms. 
In the Province of Ontario there is a School of Agriculture, connected with a 



21 

model farm, at which scientific and practical agriculture is taught. There are also 
mcQtl farms in the Province of Quebec. The result is a marked improvement of 
hte years in the style of farming in some parts of the country. But there is much 
to he done yet in this direction. In too many instances the land is merely 
scratched over ; and it speaks well for the character of the soil and climate that 
under such adverse circumstances such excellent yieU's are obtained. It has been 
hitherto found that what we may call pioneer farming, that is, taking from the 
soil in the roughest and readiest manner what it will produce, is more profitable 
than higher farming with its more costly appliances of labour and fertilizers. But 
in the older portions of the country this state of things is beginning to change. 
The sufficient reason for this state of things in the past has been ttiat the land has 
been plentiful, cheap and virgin, while on the other hand labour has been dear. 
It was, therefore, natural to lake the most from the land at the least cost. 

There is no more independent man in the world than the Canadian farmer ; 
he may not have so much wealth as. some English farmers ; he may not be in a 
position to cultivate his land to such a degree of perfection, yet, as a rule, he is a 
hajipier. a mo e contented, and a more independent man. His land is his own 
absolutely. His taxes are light ; his family are well to do ; he is the equal in 
every respect, (not unfrequently the superior) of the mOat successful persons in 
the towns near by. 

The English fai-mer coming to Canada, particularly to the older Provinces, 
will find a general similarity in work and conditions to those he left in England. 
The products are the same, and ihe nature of the work very little difTerent. As 
a rule, machinery' is more generally applied in Canada, and farming tools are 
lighter and handier. The more general application of machinery niiturally arises 
from the greater dearness and difficulty of getting labour. 

The farmer in Canada cannot do the same kind of field work in the winter as 
in England ; but he finds enough to do, and there are ample compensations. The 
climate is a little warmer in summer and colder in winter ; but it is clearer, 
brighter and more pleasant to live in ; and it is believed, more healthy. The 
great majority of English farmers who come to Canada, will all testify to the 
truth of these statements. Again, the English farmer in coming to Canada, feels 
that he has not gone a three-months' journey away from home, but only about 
nine days. 

The field crops that are produced are wheat, oats, barley, rye, Indian corn, 
potatoes, turnips, mangel wurtzel, peas, buckwheat, flax, etc. The garden fruits 
and vegetables are similar to those of England, except that tomatoes, melons, 
grapes, etc.. will ripen and are grown in the open air in Canada. 

Let a new-comer in Canada go into a farming district, and call at the first 
large, comfortable house he may meet with, surrounded with well-tilled fields, 
herds of sleek cattle, great barns and extensive stables, all shewing evidence of 
prosperity. Upon asking the owner's experience in nine cases out often, the 
reply to this would be that he came from the old country fifteen, twenty or twenty- 
five years ago, with an empty pocket ; that in his early days he had to struggle 
with difficulties; but found his labours rewarded by success, and ultimately 
crowned with independence. Paying no rent, and owning no master, he has 
educated and settled his cfiildren around him in equally favourable conditions 
with his own. This is not an isolated case; it is the experience of hundreds and 
thousands of men. For the agricultural labourer who comes to Canada, the 
question is not simply what waces he may earn, but to what position of independ- 
ence he can attain in the evening of his life ; in contrast to that possible goal in 
the mother country, if he should become unable to work with his accustomed 
vgour — the workhouse. 

The opening up and successful carrying on of the export Oi cattle trade with 
England has sensibly changed, in many cases, the character of the farming in 
Canada, and this i-< well, for farmers had begun to overcrop the soil, in so con- 
stantly producing cereals. 

In comparing Canada's present standing as a stock-breeding country with her 
standing twenty years ago, we find that her progress in this direction has been 
most remarkable. It is barely twenty years since the first herd of English' 



22 

thorough-bred short horns was brought to Canada. Previous to that time very 
little attention had been paid to stock raising. In many instances cattle were allow- 
ed to look after themselves, and for market purposes they added but little to the 
settler's income. It was the opinion of many persons in those days that stock 
breeding could never be successfully carried on in Canada. The experience of 
the last few years shows that that opinion was an error. Though the number ol 
farmers who have ventured on the experiment of stock-breeding, on a large scale, 
is not great, the test has been most thorough and complete in both Ontario, 
Quebec, and part of the Maritime Provinces, and the result satisfactory. 

Now all has changed, and it may be stated with confidence that the col- 
lection of cattle at the great stock-breeding farms of Canada is among the most 
valuable in the world. It is made up of the very best blood of the bovine aristoc- 
racy of England. Not many years ago there were no pure herds in the country, 
except the small species of cow in the French part of Lower Canada, which were 
brought in chiefly from Bretagne, and possess the milking characteristics of the 
Alderneys. To-day, there are in Canada many herds of the best English breeds, 
with a pure and unbroken record extending back many generations. 

It is a fact established beyond all doubt that the famous short horns of Eng- 
land, not only do well in Canada, but that the character of the stock actually 
improve in the new country. In not a few instances the offsprings of stock taken 
out from England has been carried over to the Mother Country and sold at high 
prices. At a recent sale in England a three year old bull which brought the 
extraordinary price of three thousand six hundred guineas was of Canadian breed. 
The herds to be seen at the Provincial and other Exhibitions are the wonder and 
admiration of experienced English stockmasters. 

Within the last few months as much energy and capital have been expended 
in introducing the class of Polled Angus into the country as at the beginning of 
the great short-horn movement, and some of the best blood of Scotland in this 
class of cattle is now established in Canada. At the last Paris Exhibition, and 
at three or four recent shows in England, especially the Smithneld shows, it was 
proved that the Polled Angus were superior to other breeds for fattening purposes; 
and especially the grades of this blood when mixed with other breeds, produced 
very remarkable effects. So soon as this fact was perceived by Canadian farmers 
and breeders, they at once put that knowledge into practice, and the result will 
probably be a marked improvement in the cattle exported from Canada. 

Devons, Ayrshires, Alderneys, and other breeds are found in all the old 
Provinces marked with a degree of perfection which would command respect 
anywhere. The best varieties of English sheep and pigs have also been largely 
imported, and are becoming generally spread. 

DAIRY FARMING. 

Great progress has been made with dairy farming in Canada, and the tend- 
ency is towards improvement and economy of labour. The factory system has 
been latterly introduced in tne older Provinces. There are factories for the man- 
ufacture of cheese, and creameries for the manufacture of superior butter. These 
works relieve the farm house, and especially the female portion of the inmates, of 
a great deal of labour, and not only this, but the products arising from the appli- 
cation of scientific processes and highly-skilled labour, produce results more excel- 
lent than was possible under the old systems. "American" cheese, as it is all 
called, is well known in England ; but very few people are aware of the fact that 
the best "American" cheese is made in Canada. In the window of a cheese- 
monger's shop in Ludgate Hill, London, Canadian Stilton and Canadian Ched- 
dar are constantly exhibited, and so well do they suit the palates of Englishmen 
that many persons prefer them to the English articles after which they are 
named. The Canadian cheese is, in fact, the very best made on the American 
continent. The cattle are of the very best breeds, the pasture is excellent, and 
the work is cleanly and carefully done. 

Both of the industries of butter and cheese-making are largely carried on in 
Canada, and the exports of both products are very considerable. 



23 

MARKET-GARDENING, POULTRY-RAISING, AND BEE-KEEPING. 

Near the large towns, market gardening is profitably carried on. A com- 
paratively small capital is necessary, and with industry and perseverance, backed 
up by experience, a good income is assured. 

Poultry-rai ing is only beginning to be much looked after in Canada, pro- 
bably because poultry is so cheap. In course of time, however, as the market 
extends, and as means are found of exporting fowls, geese and turkeys to Eng- 
land, henneries on a large scale will be established. The exportation has already 
begun. 

Bee-keeping is profitably carried on in many parts ot the Dominion. 

These few points show that what may be termed the smaller branches ot 
farming are not neglected by the Canadian husbandman. Still much remains to 
be done in this respect. 

FRUIT-GROWING. 

The growing of fruit, as well for home consumption as for exportation, is a 
very important industry in Canada, and one which excites the wonder of many 
new-comers. People who have been accustomed to think of Canada, as described 
in the words of the French king before the cession, as "a few acres of snow," 
are at first incredulous as to the extent and excellence of the fruits produced in 
a country which has the summer skies of Italy and France. There are vineyards 
in the Province of Ontario, of fifty or sixty acres in extent ; peach orchards ol 
similar extent ; and apple orchards, almost innumerable. ^strawberries ' are 
raised as a field crop. Plums, pears, gooseberries, currants, and raspberries are 
everj'where produced in the greatest abundance. The tomato ripens in the open 
air, and such is the profusion of this fruit, that it is very often cheaper on the 
market than potatoes, selling at 50 cents (2s. stg.), and sometimes less, per 
bushel. Melons ripen in the open air, as a field or market garden crop, and this 
delicious fruit is sold at ver)' cheap prices in the markets. 

Wineof excellent quality is now largely manufactured from the grapes, and 
this fruit is so cheap as to be within the everyday reach of the poorest. It may 
be mentioned that in the county of Essex, on the shores of Lake Erie, the vine is 
very largely grown for the purpose of wine-making, and both the growing of the 
vines and the making of the wines, are systematically carried on by French 
vinticulturalists, by French methods and processes, with very great success. 
Frenchmen engaged in this work have declared the conditions for growing the 
vine are more favorable in Essex than in the east of France, while the wine 
which is made is of a superior quality. 

The great wealth ot Canada in fruits is a fact which is not only interesting to 
the intending settler as an industry, but as a climatic fact, the countrj' in this 
particular being much before the United Kingdom. It is especially interesting to 
the intending settler as a consumer, in that he can always obtain a supply of the 
healthful luxury of delicious fruit. 

The apples of Canada are especially very highly prized, and find their way in 
very large quantities to the markets of the United Kingdom ; and it may be men- 
tioned here that at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, the Americans 
honestly admitted themselves to have been fairly beaten by this Canadian product. 
A New York illustrated paper, on that occasion, stated that the finest show of 
fruits at that great E.\hibition was "made by the Fruit-Growers' Association of 
"Ontario, Canada; a Society which has done much to promote and encourage the 
"cultivation of fruits in North America." 

FOREST PRODUCTS. 

The forest products of Canada constitute one of her most important sources 
•t wealth. They find their way to all parts of the world ; to the United States ; 
to the United Kingdom; and to our antipodes, the Australian colonies. The 
Canadian saw-mills are at once among the most extensive and best appointed in 
the world. It excites the wonder of a stranger to see a log taken out of the water 
by an automatic process, placed in position under the saws, and reduced to inch 



24 

boards in a few seconds. An American naturalist, at the recent meeting of the 
Scientific Association, stated that this summary process of reducing in a few 
seconds a giant pine to boards for the uses of man contrasted strangely with the 
period of more than a century required for its growth. This industry in all its 
stages employs large numbers of men, as well as affording freight to railways and 
shipping. 

The forests of Canada are rich with a great variety of noble trees, which are 
useful to man for lumber of many kinds ; for building purposes, for furniture, and, 
in many parts of Canada, for fuel. Among the varieties are the maple (hard and 
soft), elm, hickory, ironwood, pine, spruce, cedar, hemlock, walnut, oak, butter- 
nut, basswood, poplar, chestnut, rowan, willow, black and white birch, and many 
more. 

These forest trees add a singular beauty to the landscape in many parts ot 
the country, and also exercise a very beneficial influence on the climate in afford- 
ing shelter and attracting rain-lall. The beauty of the tints and the brilliancy ot 
colour of the Canadian forest-trees in autumn require to be seen in the clear, bright 
atmosphere of the Canadian autumn to be understood. 

Some statistics of the export of Canadian lumber, over and above the im- 
mense quantities manufactured for domestic use in Canada, will be found in the 
Appendix to this Guide Book. 

PRODUCTS OF THE MINE. 

• The mineral resources of Canada are one of its great attractions, and their 
development in the immediate future will constitute one of the greatest sources of 
wealth for the Dominion. On this subject we quote the following from a recently 
published work : — 

"The possession oi metals is ot vital importance to every country, and 
nature has been extremely prolific in giving Canada, in its varied geological form- 
ations, many of the ordinary metals and ores. To quote the words of Lanman, a 
well-known American writer, 'to particularize the undeveloped wealth of this 
northern land would require volumes.' The Atlantic coast embraces a large area 
of the oldest known formation, the Laurentian, which brings up from the bowels 
of the earth, either in its rocks or accompanying them, nearly all the known min- 
erals. The Pacific coast, over an area of several hundred thousand square miles, 
3s composed of rocks similar to those of Colorado and Nevada — the bonanza- 
bearing rocks. The district between the great lakes, while apparently without 
the precious metals, furnishes no small amount of other minerals, of which also the 
prairie regions contribute their share. 

" The attention of capitalists, both native and foreign, which has wdthin the 
past few years been attracted hither, has had the effect of eliciting facts which 
prove beyond a doubt that Canada is destined eventually to rank as one of the 
finest mining districts in the world. The impetus lately given to prospecting by 
inquiries constantly being made has caused the discovery of important deposits ot 
economic minerals of vast extent, and of so varied and usef^ul a character — the 
existence of which in Canada was previously unknown, or, at least, known only 
to the geologist and man of scientific pursuits — as to, in many cases, lead to the 
rapid development of new sources of industry. The system ot scientific explora- 
tion and analysis afforded by the annual progress of the Government Geological 
Survey is gradually unfolding the hidden wealth of the mines, and private enter- 
prise is doing much toward this end. The drawback hitherto experienced has 
1)een in the fact that sufficient capital has not been applied to the development 
of the general mineral wealth to make it productive, and it has not unfrequently 
happened that many mining operations were only of a speculative character, 
the effect of which was to throw doubts on all mining schemes. But foreign 
■capital is now being brought in, and has wrought a wondrous change. As the 
mineral resources of this country become developed, its agricultural capabilities 
will be fully brought out, manufactures and commerce will increase, and a 
numerous and thriving population will find ready employment in the various 
branches of trade. 



25 

^^ Metais ana their Ores — Under this head are the following : — Iron, which 
exists as bog ore, hematite, magnetic and specular ore and magnetic iron sand ;. 
lead, copper, sulphurets and native ; nickel and cobalt, zinc, silver, gold, and 
platinum. 

" Minerals applicable to Chemical Mannfaclurcs. — Iron ores and chromic 
iron, sulphate of barj'tes, molybdenite, cobaltiferous and arsenical pyrites, bismuth, 
antimeny, manganese, dolomite, magnesite, phosphate of lime and calcareous- 
tufa. Of the above, iron ores and sulphates of barytes, chromic iron, bismuth 
and others are used as pigments and in the manufacture of paints ; molybdenite 
and manganese for bleaching and decolorizing ; pyrites for the manufacture of 
copperas, sulphur and sulphuric acid ; dolomite and magnesite for medicinal pur- 
poses ; phosphate of lime and calcareous tufa for artificial manures. 

" Minerals applicable to construction. — Under this head are lime-stones and 
sandstones for building purposes, the former is also used to prepare lime and 
hydraulic cement ; gneiss ; syenite and granite for paving purposes ; marbles^ 
found in great variety, white, black, red, veined, dark and light green, brown, 
grey,' mottled, etc., for pillars, mantlepieces and decorative purposes and 
sculpture ; slates for roofing ; flagstones ; clays, various colors, for bricks and 
tiles. 

^' Minerals for grinding and polishing . — Whetstones, hones, grindstones,, 
millstones, and emery powder. 

^'■Refractory minerals — Asbestos, or amianthus; mica; soapstone, or steatite; 
plumbago, or graphite ; and clay for fire bricks. 

" Minerals applicable to Fine Arts. — Lithographic stones, agates, jaspers, 
crystals, amethysts. 

^^ Miscellaneous minerals. — Coal, lignite, rock salt, petroleum or rock oil,, 
feldspar, bituminous shale. 

Gold mines have been worked in Nova Scotia, in Quebec and Ontario, and 
largely in British Columbia, where there are yet immense fields to open up. 
Silver mines have been worked in Ontario ; and that at Silver Islet, Thunder 
Bay, is the richest which has yet been discovered on the Continent. Iron ore i& 
found all over the Dominion, and many mines have been successfully worked. 
Some of the Canadian iron ores are among the most valuable in the world. 
Copper has been mined to a considerable extent, both in Quebec and Ontario ; and 
the deposits of the ore are of great extent. 

There are very large coal deposits in Nova Scotia ; and many mines are 
profitably worked. This coal is sent up by the river St- Lawrence and by rail 
into the interior. The coast of British Columbia is very rich in coal of a quality 
which commands a preference in the markets of San Francisco, notwithstanding, 
the United States coal duty. 

As regards the North-West Territory, coal is known to exist over a vast region 
to the east of the Rocky Mountains. This region stretches from 150 to 200 miles 
east of the mountains, and north from the frontier for about a thousand miles. 
In places where the seams have been examined, they are found to be of great 
thickness and of excellent quality. Beds of true bituminous coal have beea 
found. There are also large quantities of lignite, which will prove to be very 
useful fuel. It occurs in considerable quantity along the Valley of the Souris 
River, near the frontier, not very far west of Winnipeg. The coal under the Rocky 
Mountains may be floated down both branches of the Saskatchewan to Winnipeg ; 
and the construction of the Canada Pacific Railway will open another outlet 
from these coal beds to those places on the prairies where it is required for the 
use of the inhabitants. 

It may be added that these valuable coal beds have been found cropping out 
on the banks of the Saskatchewan, near to the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
This fact is of great importance, both for the Railway and the country. 

Specially among the minerals which are used for agricultural purposes may be 
mentioned Apatite Phosphate of Lime. The increasing demand for this valuable 
material has led to a great increase in production, both for home use and exporta- 
tion. Last year 15,600 tons were exported, against 12,000 tons the year before 
that : and this year the work of mining has been much more active. The per- 



26 

centage of purity of native Canadian phosphate ranges from 7p to 95 per cent. It 
produces valuable results when pplied to land in its raw state, reduced to a fine 
powder. But the conditions for manufacturing it into super- phosphate are very 
favourable in Canada. This raw phosphate of lime commands a price of $25.50 
cts. (about ^5 2s. stg.) per ton in Liverpool, as appears by a recent quotation in 
the markets. Phosphate of Lime is found in large and easily workable beds 
throughout a large extent of country in the Ottawa Valley. The largest beds 
have been found on the Quebec side. 

Petroleum is known to exist in several parts of the Dominion, but the wells 
have been profitably worked in Ontario alone. The production from them is very 
large, and appreciably adds to the wealth of the Dominion. 

Salt is also found in Ontario ; and at Goderich there are extensive salt works. 

The building stones of the Dominion are valuable. Marble is found, which 
takes a brilliant polish. Limestone, sandstone, and granite, may be mentioned 
among the chief varieties worked. 

Land plaster is found in great abundance in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia 
and Ontario. It occurs also in Manitoba and the Territories. It may be pro- 
cured at a cheap rate in any of the older Provinces as a fertilizer. 

Peat is found in large deposits in all the Provinces ; and the experiments 
made have proved it to be very valuable for fuel. 

Chapter IV.— PUBLIC WORKS. 
CANADIAN CANAL AND INLAND NAVIGATION SYSTEM. 

The canals of Canada were constructed to overcome the obstructions of the 
natural navigation of rivers, and between rivers and the great lakes. 

The St. Lawrence Canal system affords uninterrupted navigation from the 
Straits of Belle Isle to the head of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,384 miles ; of 
which 7'/4^ are artificial or canal navigation. 

Another canal system overcomes the difficulties of the Ottawa, between 
Montreal and the City of Ottawa. And a further system opens navigation between 
Ottawa and Kingston. 

A still further system connects Lake Champlain with the navigation of the 
St. Lawrence. 

In Nova Scotia the St. Peter's Canal crosses an isthmus of half a mile, con- 
necting St. Peter's Bay, on the southern coast of the Islan of Cape Breton, with 
the Great and Little Bras D'Or Lakes, possessing a natural outlet into the 
Atlantic. 

The river system of the North-West Territory affords thousands of miles ot 
navigation. At present a steamboat can ply from Winnipeg to Edmonton, 
almost to the foot of the Rocky Mountains — a distance of more than a thousand 
miles. 

This immense inland navigation may be connected with the St. Lawrence 
system at the head of the great lakes, by canals which will be comparatively easy 
of construction, which are quite within the me ins of the Dominion and which 
will undoubtedly be constructed at no distant date, to bear the produce of that 
immense territory to the Atlantic Ocean. The industrial development which must 
be the consequence of opening such means of communication is almost too great 
for imagination. 

It is worthy of remark that when the produce of the west has floated dowa 
•the great River St. Lawrence, it is then in the arc^'of the shortest sailing across 
•the Atlantic to Liverpool. 

The distance from Liverpool to Quebec by the Straits of Belle Isle is 478 
miles less than that from Liverpool to New York. The shortest sailmg circle 
across the North Atlantic is from Liverpool to Quebec, via the Straits of Belle 

Isle. . .r , J 

The comparative distances between Liverpool and Quebec, and New \ ork and 
Boston may be stated as follows : — 



27 

MILES. 

Liverpool to Quebec via the Straits of Belle Isle 2,502 

„ Portland 2,750 

„ Halifax 2,480 

„ New York 2,980 

„ Boston 2,895 

The route of steamers is by the Straits of Belle Isle, except in very early 
spring or late fall. By this route, it is further to be remarked, there are only 
1,823 miles of ocean navigation. The remainder of the distance, 825 miles, is 
inland or river navigation, which very much enchances the interest as well as the 
smoothness of the voyage, an important consideration for those who suffer from 
sea-sickness. The St Lawrence scenery is very beautiful. 

This was remarked by the Princess Louise in the notes to her appreciative 
ketches of the St. Lawrence, at Quebec, published in Good Words. With respect 
to the view from the citadel of Quebec — taking in the harbour ; part of the city ; 
the opposite town of Levis ; the Island of < >rleans, with a spur of the Laurentian 
range on the left shore, through which the Falls of Montmorenci are precipitated 
into the St. Lawrence — she says that "It is always understood to be one of the 
" finest views in the world, an ever-varying scene of beauty." 

The sail up the St. Lawrence to Quebec alone is worth a journey to Canada 
to see. Passengers from Europe select the St. Lawrence route, because it affords 
the most direct and shortest line to the very heart of the American continent. 
The Canadian Railway system connects as well with that of the Western States 
as of the Eastern and Middle States ; and the same remark applies to the system 
of canal and lake navigation. 

These facts account for the large number of emigrants who go to the United 
States by way of the St. Lawrence ; and it is certain that the number of these will 
increase as the advantages of the route become more and more known in Europe. 
It has been represented in certain quarters that these passengers have left Canada 
to go to the United States ; but nothing can be more absurdly untrue. The fact 
of the large use made of this route is simply a tribute paid to its superiority. 

CANADIAN RAILWAYS. 

In the particular of the construction of Railways, the progress of the Dominion 
of Canada has been very rapid since tne confederation ; and great efforts are being 
made at the present moment to extend and complete the system. 

In the appendix to this book a statistical view of the Railways of Canada is 
given from 1876 to 1881, inclusive, with a list of the Railways in operation, taken 
from the official Report ; together with a sketch of the progress now making on 
the greater railway works. 

The track of the Pacific Railway is now laid for a distance of about 660 miles 
west of Winnipeg, and it is believed that this will be continued with so much 
rapidity that it will reach the base of the Rocky Mountains before the close of the 
season of 1883. 

The length of the coinpleted line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, taking in 
the line from Pembroke to Mattawan, from Prince Arthur's Landing to Winnipeg, 
and the Pembina Branch, is 1,251 miles. The Company confidently expect that 
the whole line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, connecting the Atlantic with the 
Pacific Ocean, including trunk line and branches (3,018 miles in all), will be 
■completed at the very beginning of the year 1887 ; that is nearly five years earlier 
than the time specified in their contract. The prosecution of the work of con- 
,struction of this company is marked by unexampled energy-. More miles of 
railway track have been laid by its workmen in one day than ever before on the 
continent of America. 

The total length of Canadian Railways in operation at the date of the last 
Official Report, June 30th, 1881, was 7,260 miles ; an increase of about 250 per 
cent, since Confederation. But the increase since June, 1881, (of which the returns 
are not received as these pages are written) will add very greatly to these figures ; 



28 

the time since the close or the fiscal year, June, 1881. having being marked by 
great energy in the construction of railways. 

The total amount of paid up capital expended in the construction of Railways 
in Canada, at the end of the fiscal year, was $389,285,700.00. 

The natural and physical advantages for the construction of a trans-continental 
railway are very much greater in Canada than at any other point in North 
America. The Canadian line, in the first place, passes through that portion of 
the continent known as the "Fertile Belt," instead of over arid or salt plains. 
The highest pass, according to Mr. Fleming's report on the line selected 
by him, was 3,37.2 feet above the level of the sea ; while the line of rail- 
way having its terminus at San Francisco has to scale an elevation of 7,534 
feet. It is understood, however, that the Canadian Pacific Railway Company 
have found a more southern and shorter pass through the Rocky Mountains than 
that which was surveyed by the engineers under Mr. Fleming and selected by him- 
It is not, however, certain that the gradients of the Kicking Horse Pass will be in 
all respects quite so favourable as the Tete Jaune. But the gain in distance is 
about one hundred miles. The following further statements are extracted froiri 
Mr. Fleming's report : — 

"Viewing the Canadian Pacific Railway as a ' through' route between ports 
on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the comparative profile of altitudes as above 
given illustrates the remarkable engineering advantages which it possesses over 
the Union Pacific Railway. The lower altitudes to be reached, and the more 
favourable gradients are not, however, the only advantages. 

" A careful examination into the question of distances, shows, beyond dis- 
pute, that the Continent can be spanned by a much shorter line on Canadian soil 
than by the existing railway through the United States. 

"The distance from San Francisco to New York, by the Union Pacific 
Railway, is 3,363 miles while from New Westminster to Montreal it is only 
2,730 or 636 miles in favour of the Canadian route. 

" By the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, even New York^. 
Boston and Portland will be brought from 300 to 500 miles nearer the Pacific 
coast than they are at present. 

" Compared with the Union Pacific Railway, the Canadian line will shorten 
the passage from Liverpool and China, in direct distance, more than 1,000 miles. 

"When the remarkable erigineering advantages which appear to be obtainable 
on the Canadian Line, and the very great reduction in mileage above referred to- 
are taken into consideration, it is evident that the Canadian Pacific Railway, in 
entering into competition for the through traffic between the two oceans, will 
possess in a very high degree the essential elements for success." 

It will thus be seen that the Canadian Pacific Railway has not only Canadian 
but Imperial interest. 

As regards the Pacific Ocean connections of the Canadian Pacific Railway,, 
it is worthy of note that the distance from Japan, China or the Atlantic Coast 
generally to Liverpool is from 1,000 to 1,200 miles less by the Canadian Pacific 
than by the Union Pacific Railway. In reference to this point. Professor Maury, 
U.S., writes : — "The trade-winds place Vancouver's Island on the way side of 
" the road from China and Japan to San Francisco so completely that a trading 
" vessel under canvas to the latter place would take the same route as if she was 
" bound for Vancouver's Island — so that all return cargoes would naturally come 
" there in order to save two or three weeks, besides risks and expenses." . It 
must, however, be clearly understood that this- advantage, equivalent to the 
distance between Vancouver Island and San Francisco, viz. , about 100 miles, is- 
independent of and in addition to, the saving of direct distance by the Canadian 
route given above. 

When the great advantages ot favourable grades and curves, and shortness of 
line, passing through a rich and well watered agricultural country, bountifully 
endowed with coal, are taken in connection with the favourable conditions as 
respects navigation, both on the east and west sides of the continent, it will appear 
at a glance that there is a conjunction of commercial forces presented which is 
unique in the world, and which must in the near future exercise a marked 



29 

influence upon, if it does not command, what has been commonly known in Eng- 
land as the trade of the East; China and Japan, however, being the West Irom 
the Canadian point of view. 



Chapter V.— PICTURESQUE AND SPORTING 

ATTRACTION. 

THE TOURIST AND THE ARTIST. 

From what has been said in the preceding pages of the magnificent scenery 
of the St. Lawrence, constituting alout oneihird of the distance of the ocean 
steamship voyage, and of the very r; pi J development of Canadian railways, 
enabling one to proceed from the pons of either Halifax or Quebec, all the way 
by rail to very nearly the base of the Rocky Mountains ; one may very naturally 
expect that the large numbers of pleasure travellers from the United Kingdom and 
Europe, who, like Alexander, are sighing for new worlds, if not to conquer at least 
to explore, may be tempted to bend iheir steps to the northern half of the American 
continent. There. is much in such a trip to attract the tourist, to afford him 
pleasurable excitement and to fill his itnagination. This trip may, moreover, 
be made with comfort, comparative cheapness and economy of time. 

The scenes at the departure of the great ocean steamships have often been 
described, and yet they are ever new and present fresh attractions to thousands. 
The same may be said of the ocean voyage, which is now, however, for its lovers, 
reduced to so brief a space, the steamship not being more than six or seven days 
on the ocean between the coast of Ireland and the iron-bound rocks of Newfound- 
land ; whence the navigation assumes the character of that known as inland. 

There is every comfort on these great ocean steamships, and every incitement 
to enjoyment, as well in the company which is usually found, as in the novelty 
and stimulating effects of the surroundings. A company in such circumstances is 
cut off for a time from all news and all associations with the outer world. They 
have the sky overhead and nothing but the good ship between them and the 
boundless waters beneath and around, and certainly nothing else to do but to be 
agreeable to each other ; especially when the first peculiar and sometimes dis- 
agreeable effects of the beginnings of ocean navigation have passed away. Such 
a company, composed of ladies and gentlemen, judges, lawyers, doctors, clerg)-- 
men, farmers, sportsmen, artists, official persons and others, very often find among 
themselves almcist infinite resources for pleasurable entertainment and making the 
voyage agreeable. Concerts and charades, readings, etc., etc., follow each other; 
and on Sunday there is the decorum of church services. These are generally held 
in the saloon, and steerage passengers are invited to attend. 

From the Atlantic ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, there is a navigation 
of nearly a thousand miles to the city of Quebec ; through the great waters of the 
Gulf and River St. Lawrence, which form one of the most remarkable physical 
features of the continent. The shores of the St. Lawrence are fairly lined with 
the white villages and churches of the French hahilants ; where the traveller may 
and many of the 'features, still in their simplicity, of the Province of Bretagne in 
France of two centuries ago. These are a strong and happy race of men. They 
have increased from a mere handful at the time of the French settlement to a 
powerful people of 1,298,929; a conclusive proof of a healthy climate and pros- 
perous conditions of life. 

Arrived at Quebec, if our tourist is inclined to pause, be may find much to 
interest and instruct him in this "ancient city." Thence proceeding 180 miles 
further west towards Montreal, he may have the choice of two railways, and the 
fine steamboat line which plies daily on the St. Lawrence between the two cities. 
These river steamers may at least cause him surprise if he has not before been to 
America. They are of large size; and afford the accommodation of first-class 
hotels. He will find that though the scenery lacks the grandeur of that he has left 
behind him in the lower St. Lawrence, it is still very beautiful and enjoyable on 



30 

a fine summer's evening. If he prefers the rail, he can leave at night, enter what 
is called a "sleeping car," and be at Montreal on awakening the next morning. 

Our traveller has now arrived at the commercial capital, over a thousand miles 
from the ocean. Montreal has a population in round numbers of 150,000 inhabi- 
tants, within its somewhat narrow city limits. These figures would be largely 
increased if the adjacent villages, which virtually form part of the city, were 
taken in. Montreal is a handsome, well-built city, and a place of large com- 
merce and great wealth. It is rapidly increasing, and probably in the immediate 
future will fill the whole Island of Montreal, In addition to its commercial 
facilities, being the head of ocean navigation, it is a railway centre, and has 
very favourable manufacturing facilities. The population is mixed English and 
French speaking, each contributing to the city's progress. The Victoria 
Bridge crossing the river, about two miles wide at this place, is one of the 
features of Montreal. The city is beautifully situated, and the view from the 
Mountain Park overlooking it is one of the most charming to be found in any 
country 

Proceeding west, the tourist may call at Ottawa, the seat of the Federal 
Government ; which he may reach by the choice of three railways, or by the 
steamers on the Ottawa, a river having a course of more than 700 miles in length, 
yet itself but an affluent of the great St. Lawrence. 

Ottawa has a population of about 28,000. The Parliament Buildings form 
the most prominent feature of attraction to the tourist, from their architecture 
(Renaissance Gothic) and commanding situation. They stand on the south bank 
of the Ottawa, on high and spacious grounds, of about twelve acres in extent, and 
are visible for miles around. An eminent writer has well said of them that they 
" are among the glories of the architecture of the world." 

Proceeding westward, the pleasant city of Kingston, the former capital of 
the two old Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, at the foot of Lake Ontario, is- 
next reached ; and further west, at the head of the Lake, the tourist will come ta 
the large and beautiful city of Toronto, claimed by its inhabitants to be the 
" Queen City" of Western Canada. 

Toronto has a population in round numbers of 87,000. Its streets are 
beautif illy laid out, and it has many handsome buildings. It is surrounded by a 
rich and pleasant farming country. Many lines of railway centre in this city, 
opening up large portions of the Dominion tributary to it. If the tourist should 
make Toronto a point at which to stop, and from which to see the Province ot 
Ontario in detail, he may visit Hamilton, St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Guelph, 
London and numerous other thriving and prosperous towns, situated in a rich 
farming country, where the numerous pleasant homesteads, with fields, orchards, 
flocks and herds, give everywhere the impression of agricultural contentment and 
success. 

If the tourist should continue on his journey westward, and go to Thunder 
Bay, near the head of Lake Superior, he will again have gone more than a thous- 
and miles, as the crow flies, from his last stopping-place ; or 2,500 miles from the 
ocean. In other words he will have travelled as far from the Atlantic Ocean as 
from Liverpool to the city of Quebec. The upper lakes have been not inapth- 
termed "inland seas"; and Lake Superior is at once the largest and most 
remarkable sheet of fresh water in the known world. 

The scenery is very beautiful ; and particularly about Thunder Bay, the lake 
terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where there is the town of Prince 
Arthur's Landing; and where undoubtedly in the near future a great city will 
arise. 

The tourist can now take the Canadian Pacific Railway, and proceed direct to 
Winnipeg. Measured on the map in a straight line, the distance is about 400 
miles ; but the meanderings of the railway through the rugged and highly pictur- 
esque country it passes through would make that distance longer. It might be 
worth while to stop at a place called Rat Portage ; a point at which the Lake of 
the Woods, a large and beautiful sheet of water literally studded with wooded 
islands, in the same way as the Thousand Islands below Kingston — falls over a 
ledge of rocks into Winnipeg River ; the waters of which now run northerly into 



31 

Lake Winnipeg ; a lake which is over 240 miles long. The scenery here is 
very beautiful ; and the immense water power will probably induce the buildin" 
of a large manufacturing city — the Minneapolis of the Canadian North-West. 

Proceeding on his westward way the city of Winnipeg, situated on the Reil 
River, at the confluence of the Assiniboine, would surely give him a surprise. 
Within the years that may be counted on the fingers of one hand. Winnipeg was 
almost naked prairie. By the census of April 188, li thad a population of about 
8,000 ; but now it is said, as these lines are written at the close of 1882, the popu 
lation is 15,000. There has been a rush to it from all parts, so great that build- 
ing accommodation could not be procured for all incomers ; and one saw, even 
late in the fall, whole streets of canvas tents, and primitive constructions of mere- 
ly wooden boxes, while substantial buildings of every kind were everywhere be- 
ing "rushed " up. There are splendid villa residences in Winnipeg ; handsome 
houses and magnificent blocks of shops or "stores," as they are called, which 
would be conspicuous in the great cities of Europe. A very large business is 
done, large numbers of people have grown rich, and the streets which have tram 
railways are already lighted with electricity. Its citizens believe, and appar- 
ently not without good reason, in view of the vast territories that must be tributary 
to Winnipeg, that it will become in the near future, one of the great cities of the 
world. Business eagerness seems to be depicted on the faces of the people, and 
at times the hurrying and crowding on parts of Main street, Winnipeg, remind 
one of State street, Chicago. 

After having travelled about three thousand miles from the ocean, the tourist 
has now arrived at the centre of the continent of North America, and he has 
fairly entered on the Prairie Region of the great North-West of the Dominion 
of Canada. He may now drive over the plains, directing his course by the points 
of the compass in the same way as on the ocean ; and proceeding west for about 
1,000 miles will reach the Rocky Mountains. The Pacific Railway as these lines 
are written, has pushed 660 miles west of Winnipeg, and will in 1883 
be at the base of the Rocky Mountains. Here the scenery has a grandeur 
which words fail to describe. The Rev. Dr McGregor in a paper contributed to 
the Contemporary Review, says : — "Our first glimpse of that l<jng and magnificent 
line of gigantic peaks and mighty masses — a broken mountain wall of glittering 
snow some hundred miles away — was a vision of glory never to be forgotten. On 
our ascending from a great Indian pow-wow on the Bow River to the upper level 
they looked in the clear morning air like a long series of sharp-cut white 
pyramids built upon the prairie ; then the great dog-toothed line 
rose higher ; then the long serrated range of jagged peaks and twisted 
masses, seen under sunshine almost tropical in its heat and purity, stood out in 
all its splendour, sharp and distinct as if only a few miles away, their sides blue 
in shadow, while their peaks and faces were a glittering snow- white down to the 
yellow prairie level out of which they seemed to rise. When forty-five miles dis- 
tant from them, I noted as special features the straightness of the range from tHe 
two extreme points of vision, and that, though broken into every variety of form, 
the pyramidal peak predominating, the summit line was pretty uniform like a deep 
and irregularly toothed saw. I suppose that nowhere else on earth is there such 
an ®cean of verdure bounded by such a shore." 

His Excellency the Jftarquis of Lome, on the occasion of his visit to British 
Columbia, made a speech in the autumn of 1882, in which he referred to the im- 
portance of cultivating the attractions held out by the scenery of this Province. 
He said :— 

" I would strongly advise you to cultivate the attractions held out to the 
" travelling public by the magnificence of your scenery. Let this country become 
" what Switzerland is for Europe in the matter of good roads to places which may 
'' be famed for their beauty, and let good and clean hotels attract the tourist to 
' visit the grand valleys and marvellous mountain ranges. Choose some district, 
' and there are many from which you can choose, where trout and salmon abountT, 
' and where sport may be found among the deer and with the wild fowl. Select 
' some portion of youi territory where pines and firs shroud in their greatest rich- 



32 

" ness the giant slopes and swarm upwards to glacier, snow field, and craggy 
•' peak, and where in the autumn the maples seem as though they wished to 
" mimic in hanging gardens the glowing tints of the lava that must have streamed 
«' down the precipices of these old volcanoes. (Loud cheermg ) Wherever you 
«' find these beauties in greatest perfection and where the river torrents urge their 
" currents most impetuously through the Alpine gorges, there I would counsel 
" vou to set apart a region which shall be kept as a national park. 

Considerable portions of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Rocky Moun 
tain region are undertaken and far advanced, and in three or four years it is be- 
lieved, perfect railway connection will be made to the tide waters of the Pacific 

*^^^Such are the merest outlines of a trip which any person from the United 
Kingdom with moderate facih ties can undertake at moderate expense, within _ a 
few weeks, and which maybe varied with almost infimte detail and mterest m 
any part of the Dominion. It is suggested as a vanation from the now old 
round of the European watering places. 

THE SPORTSMAN AND THE ANGLER. 

Foremost among the attractions for sportsmen may be placed buffalo hunting 
on the vast prairies of the North-West. Travelling via the Canadian Pacific 
Railway west of Winnipeg, which may be taken as a point of departure, sports^ 
men may there procure camping requisites, and may hire expert guides with 
trained horses ; but it is best before concluding arrangenients to consult with 
some skilled person on the spot. These guides or " plam hunter^, are most 
expert, and, as a rule, trustworthy, honest and respectful. ^ . - . .u 

In the forests of New Brunswick and Quebec, moose are abundant ; but the 

chase, if exciting, is most arduous, and experienced guides should be engaged. 

The best are the Canadian, French and Indian half-breeds, who are active, 

hardy, shrewd and skillful both in killing and caring for the game. Ihey are 

' more cleanly than the full blooded Indians, and better cooks. 

Those who have time and means to push on to the Rocky- Mountains may 
find grizzly bears ; and the forests of British Columbia teem with many kinds ot 
large^game.^ ambitious sportsmen, there is a range in the older Provinces from 
deer shooting to bagging squirrels ; including bears, foxes, wolves, otter, mmk, 
pine marten, sable, hares, raccoons, etc. . 

All game is common property ; and the game laws are simple ; restricting 
sport only in the "close" or breeding season. Necessary outfits may be pur- 
chased on arrival in Canada, and it is unadvisable to bring inexperienced English 

servan^.^^ feathered game, there are woodcock, snipe, pigeons, partridges, quail, 
plover, prairie fowl, geese, ducks, brant and curlew ; while of eagles, hawks, owls, 
and such birds there are many varieties. Facilities are especially abundant for 
duck-shooting. The birds move north in the spring, and hatch their young on 
the shores of the small lakes that abound in every Province. At or near many of 
the lakes are well-kept hotels, where ample accommodation is afforded, everything 
included, for between four and eight shillings per da)'^ Wild geese are frequently 
killed in these lakes, although as a rule they migrate further riorth. _ 

Prairie chickens may be bagged in any number on the plains, and these are 
very fine game. The Canadian fisheries, marine and inland, are probably un- 
rivalled in the world. Passing by such as are of a more commercia nature, the 
famous cod-fisheries of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, for instance, the attention 
of anglers is called to the unsurpassed salmon and trout-fishmg. Many other 
kinds of fish abound. The best salmon streams are in Nova Scotia, New Bruns- 
wick, Quebec and British Columbia. , 

Breeding establishments are carried on by Government Officers. The hsh- 
eries are closed during the breeding season. Some of the salmon rivers on the 
lower St. Lawrence are leased by private parties ; but permission for a week s 
■ fishing can readily be obtained. Up the country, the lakes and rivers are aU free. 



33 

Trout abound in all Canadian waters ; but no stream can surpass the Nipigon, 
on the north shore of Lake Superior. Clear, cold and rapid, this stream affords 
much sport, from its mouth to its source. The fish caught are from one to seven 
pounds in weight ; firm, hard and beautifully marked. In going to the Nipigon, 
the requisite camp furniture and provisions should be first laid in at Toronto. 
Then at Sault Ste. Marie, on the way up, two half-breeds and a canoe should be 
engaged. The fish taken can be so well cured by the half-breeds as to keep 
perfectly for months. Bass, pike, pickerel, white-fish, perch, etc., are plentiful in 
all the lakes and rivers. 

Chapter VI.— CANADA AS SHOWN BY FIGURES. 

AREA OF PROVINCES AND TERRITORY. 

A table is subjoined of the territorial area of the Provinces and North-Wesr 
Territory of Canada ; the figures of the four old Provinces of Canada being'taken 
from the Introduction to the Census of 1881 : — 

Prince Edward Island 2, 133 sq, miles. 

Nova Scotia 20,907 h 

New Brunswick 27, 1 74 " 

Quebec 188,688 " 

Ontario 101,733 " 

Manitoba 123,200 " 

British Columbia 34i)305 " 

The Territories 2,665,252 

Total sq. miles 3>47o,392 

It is to be observed that the areas of the great waters, such as the great 
lakes and rivers of the Upper Provinces and the St. Lawrence, the bays, and 
inlets of the Lower Provinces are not included in the above table of squ%re miles, 
these being compiled from the census districts established with a \-iew of appor- 
tioning population to specific areas of land. The areas of these waters, as nearly 
as they can be estimated from measurement on the maps, would be about 140,000 
square miles ; which, added to the areas taken from the census districts, would 
give a total of over 3,610,000 square miles. 

The area of the whole of the continent of Europe is 3,900,000 square miles; 
the area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, is 2,933,588 square miles — 
that of Alaska is 577,390 square miles — combined making 3,510,978 miles. 
Thus the Dominion is nearly six hundred thousand square miles larger than the 
United States without Alaska, and nearly eighteen thousand square miles larger 
than both combined. 

The total population of the Dominion by the census of 1881 was 4,324,810, 
against 3,687,024 as shown by the census of 187 1. The increase in the old 
Provinces during the decennial is over 18 per cent. The increase for the same 
Provinces in 1871 over 1861 was over 12 per cent. The number of males in 1881 
was 2,188,854; that of the females 2,135,956; there being a preponderance of 
more than 50,000 males over the females in the Dominion. This has probably 
arisen from the excess in immigration of males over females ; and it is verj- 
desirable in the social and economical interests of the Dominion that this difference 
diould be redressed by an increased immigration of females. (See Census Tables 
in Appendix to this Guide Book. ) 

Of this population, 478,235 were born in the British Isles and Possessions ; 
101,047 in Prince Edward Island ; 420,088 in Nova Scotia ; 288,265 in New 
Brunswick ; 1,327,809 in Quebec; 1,467,988 in Ontario; 19,590 in Manitoba ; 
32,275 in British Columbia ; 58,430 in the Canadian North-West Territories ; 
77>753 in the United States ; and 53,330 in other countries. 

Of the population of the Dominion, 641,703 live in cities and towns having a 
population of over 5000 inhabitants. (See Census Tables in Appendix to this 
Giiide Book. ) 



3i 

The trade of Canada lias very greatly increased since the Confederation, At 
the end of 1868, the fiirSt fiscal year after the union, the total exports were $57,- 
567,888.00. In 1881 they were $98,290,823.00. In 1868 the total imports were, 
$73,459,644.00. In 1881 they were $105,330,840.00. The total trade being in 
Ir868, $131,027,532.00, and in 1881, $203,621,663.00. The figures for 1882 show 
^tin fiirther large increase. The imports were $119,419,500.00; the exports $102,- 
■459,243.00 ; the total trade $221,678,743.00 ; and the amount of duties collected 
$21,708,837.00. 

Among the exports, the value of animals and their produce (being products of 
Canada) was $21,360,219.00. Agricultural products, $21,268,327.00, and products 
of the forest $24,960,112.00 ; of the mine $2,767,829.00, and of fisheries, $6,- 
867,715.00. (See Table of Exports and Imports in Appendix to this Guide Book.) 

The total value of the Canadian Fisheries in 1881 was $15,817,162,64 
against $14,499,979.71 in 1880. The value of fish exported in 1881 was $6,867, - 
715.00. These figures show that by far the largest portion of the product of 
die fisheries of the Dominion is consumed at home. (See Table in Appendix. ) 

It will appear from the comparatively small export of products of the mine, 
that the vast mineral resources of Canada have scarcely begun to be developed. 
There has been, however, a considerable consumption of coals in the Dominion. 

The total amount of receipts for the Dominion in 1881 was $48,807,084.00, 
and the receipts at the credit 6f the Consolidated Fund were $29,638,957.00, 
The payments from the Consolidated Fund were $25,508,232.00, These two last 
payments representing the ordinary revenue and expenditure. The total amount 
of the Funded and Unfunded debt of Canada on the first July, 1881, was $178,200,- 
918.00. Against this amount the Assets held by the Dominion for Sinking Fund, 
etc., amounted to $17,763,400.00, making a Net Debt of $160,436,518.00. The 
amount of Net Debt per capita, was $37toV 

The total interest on the public debt of Canada, chargeable against the 
Consolidated Fund for the same year, was $7,594,144.00, or $1.75 /^; capita. 

The total amount expended on Capital Account during the same year 
amounted to $8,176,316 00 

Th? Revenue of Canada during the present year, has shewn great elasticity, 
the figures being from July to October of 1882, $12,487,761.00, against_$io,943,- 
998.00 for the corresponding months of the previous year ; showing an increase of 
no less than $1,543,763.00 during those four months. 

i^'.^^lfThe Dominion has made great strides in its banking operations since 
Confederation. The total paid-up Banking Capital in 1868, the first year after 
Confederation, was $28,529,048.00. In September 1882, $60,103,394.00. The 
total amount of Deposits in 1868, was $30,168,556.00. In September 1882, the 
total Deposits amounted to $150,156,425.90. (See Appendix to this Guide Book 
for an abstract of the Banking Statements of the Dominion. ) 
•'ysil'The progress made in the construction of Railways and Canals, has been 
previously shown in these pages. (See Appendix for figures in detail.) 

Chapter VII.— PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION. 
THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 

EXTENT AND POSITION. 

Ontario is the most populous and wealthy province of the Dominion of 
Canada, and its growth has been exceedingly rapid. The area within its old 
4imits, as taken from the Census districts, is 101,733 square miles ; but if we com- 
pute this area from simple measurement of the map, including rivers and lakes, its 
extent would be increased by about 20,000 square miles. It should further be 
stated, that the award of the recent arbitration would add about 80,00c s quare 
miles additional to the Province of Ontario, making altogether a total of about 
200,000 square miles ; but this award is not yet ratified. 



35 

The Province of Ontario reaches the most southern point of the Dominion, 
tiamely, to the latitude of Rome in Italy ; and being in a large measure surroj^ded 
by the Great Lakes of the Continent of North America, its climate is much 
•modified by their influence. The principal source of its wealth is agriculture, and 
5t may be said to take the lead in the farming operations of the Dominion. The 
number of acres of land surveyed in this Province, is about 31,000,000 ; and the 
number of acres already granted and sold, is about 22,000,00a 

POPULATION', OCCUPATIONS AND CITIKii- 

The population of Ontario is 1,923,228, as shown by the Census of l88i 
and, as already stated, agriculture forms the principal occupation of the inhabitants 
although lumbering in the rich forests, mining in the bountiful deposits, commerce 
and sea-faring occupations on the Great Lakes, attract a portion of the labour of 
the energetic people of the Province. 

Toronto, the seat of the Provincial Government, had a population of 86,415 
by the Census of 1881. It is a city of which any country might be proud, and it 
is very rapidly continuing to grow, both in wealth and population. There are also 
other cities of considerable extent. 

Ottawa has a population of over 28,000 ; it is the seat of the Dominion 
-Government, and here are erected the Houses of Parliament and Departmental 
Buildings. These constitute three of the finest edifices on the continent of 
-America, and excite the admiration of all beholders. Among the other large 
•cities of the Province may be mentioned Hamilton, with a population of about 
36,000 ; London, with a population of over 19,000 ; Kingston, with a population 
•of about 15,000 ; and there are numerous other wealthy and really beautiful cities 
-and towns of less population. 

RESOURCES AND DEMANDS FOR LABOUR. 

The soil of this Province may be generally described as ver)- rich. It varies 
m different localities, but a large proportion of the whole is the very best for Agri- 
<niltural and Horticultural purposes, including the growing of all the kinds of fruits 
-which flourish in the temperate zone ; its special adaptation to the growth of 
these being favoured as well by its summer suns as by the modifying influence of 
the Great Lakes. 

Its water communication by means of the Great Lakes and the St. LawTence 
river system, improved by the magnificent series of Dominion canals, is unsur- 
passed. Its mineral wealth, excluding the one article of coal, is probably equal 
to that of any part of the world, abounding as it does, in iron, copper, lead, silver, 
gold, marble, petroleum, salt, etc. Its numerous forests of pine timber are too 
well known to need any description. The Great Lakes abound with fish, and the 
forests with game. 

Men to work and develop these resources are therefore the kind of immi- 
grants Ontario is most in need of. Agriculturists, from this being the leading 
industry, stand in the first place. But as well as wanting men to clear its forests 
and cultivate its soil, it requires men to build its houses, to make furniture and 
household goods, and to open up communication from one part of the country to 
another by the construction of roads and railways. 

It is further to be stated in this connection that Ontario is rapidly becoming 
a manufacturing country. The leading industries are, works for making all kinds 
of agricultural implements in iron and wood ; wagons, carriages, railroad rolling 
stock (including locomotives), cotton factories, woollen factories, tanneries, furn- 
iture factories, flax works, ordinary iron and hardware works, paper factories, 
soap works, wooden ware, etc. The bountiful water supply in Ontario is used in 
these manufactures, as is also steam, for motive power. 

There is a very great demand for female labour for domestic service, both in 
the towns and country ; also for work in some of the factories ; also a demand 
for dressmakers, milliners, and seamstresses ; all of whom obtain good waces in 
Ontario. ^ ^ 



36 

But, as has been elsewhere stated in this Guide Book, and cannot be too 
strongly impressed upon intending immigrants, the chances for professional men, 
book-keepers, clerks, and for women above the classes indicated, are not good in 
Ontario ; and such persons should not be advised to emigrate except they have 
been previously engaged. 

PROSPERITY OF IMMIGRANTS IN ONTARIO. 

Men commencing as labourers, without any capital but strong arms and will- 
ing minds, seldom remain in that condition long, but after a period of greater or 
less duration they generally become employers of labour themselves. It is this 
moral certainty of rising in the social scale, when the proper means are employed, 
that brightens the hopes and stimulates the exertions of the poorest settler. 

In coming to Ontario, old country people will find themselves surrounded by 
appliances of comfort and civilization similar to those which they left in the old 
land ; the means of educating their children universally diffused ; religious privil- 
eges almost identically the same ; the old natural feeling for the land of their 
fathers loyally cherished ; and an easy means of intercourse, both by steam and 
telegraph, with the central heart of the great British Empire, of which Canadians 
are proud to boast that their country forms no inconsiderable part. 

CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS. 

The climate of Ontario has already been referred to, but it may be further 
mentioned that it is warmer in summer and colder in winter than that of England. 
Owing to the greater dryness of atmosphere than in England, the heat of summer 
is not found to be oppressive; while in the winter the clear sky and bracing air which 
prevail during the greater part of that season render it in the opinion of many by 
far the most pleasant of the year. The frosts of winter have a powerful effect in 
opening the soil, and thus aiding the operations of the husbandman ; while the 
snow protects the ground from the winds and sun of the early spring, and then 
melting, fills the soil with moisture and replenishes the wells with an abundant 
supply of water. 

The productions of Ontario are similar to those of western Europe. Cereals, 
fruits, grasses and root-crops find here their appropriate climate and habitat. 

An Agricultural Return, collected by the Bureau of Industries for the Pro- 
Tince of Ontario and published by the Government of that Province, gives the 
following average production of field crops per acre for the whole Province of 
Ontario in 1882 : — 

Fall Wheat, bush 26.3 

Spring Wheat, " 16.5 

Barley, " 28.6 

Oats, " 36.4 

Rye, " 18.8 

Peas, " 19.6 

Com, in ear, " 64.9 

Buckwheat, " 25.2 

Beans, " 20,7 

Potatoes, " 115. 

Mangolds " 488. 

Carrots * ' 403. 

Turnips; " 448. 

Hay and Clover, tons 1. 14 

There is also published in the same Return, for the same year, the total yields- 
in bushels of Fall Wheat, Spring Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, Peas, Corn and 
Buckwheat : Fall Wheat, 31,255,202 bushels ; Spring Wheat, 9,665,999 ; Bar- 
ley, 24,284,407 ; Oats, 50,097,997 ; Rye, 3,549,898 ; Peas, 10^943,355 ; Corn in 
eai, 13,420,984 ; Buckwheat, 1,247,943. 

Hemp, tobacco and the sugar beet ^re profitable crops. Maize or Indian 
corn and tomatoes ripen well, while in the greater part of the Province peaches 



37 

and grapes come to perfection in the open air. The growth of such products 
forms an unerring index to the character of the climate. It is stated in another 
part of this Guide Book in referring to the general products of the Dominion that 
peach orchards of fifty or sixty acres, and vineyards of equal extent are found in the 
Province of Ontario, while apple orchards are almost innumerable ; the export of 
apples ha\-ing become one of the staples of the Province. There are also all sorts 
of other fruits which grow within the limits of the temperate zone. 

MEANS OF EDUCATION. 

One of the chief features of the Province of Ontario, as also one of its chief 
attractions as a home for settlers, is its admirable system of Public Education. 
This has been brought to its present perfection by much care and study ; the 
systems in the most advanced countries of Europe having been carefully studied, 
and their best points appropriated. 

The public schools are non-sectarian. The children of all denominations are 
admitted without distinction. 

The school funds are derived from four different sources, i. The sale of 
lands set apart for school purposes, from the proceeds of which sale is paid the 
legislative grant, which is apportioned among the schools, according to school 
population, and is used for the payment of teachers' salaries ; 2. Municipal 
assessment ; each city, town or county is to raise by assessment an amount equal 
at least to the legislative grant ; 3. Money received from the Clergy Reser\'e 
Fund and other sources ; 4. Trustees' school assessment. 

The schools are governed by trustees elected from and by the ratepayers of 
the district ; and it is imperative on the trustees of each school to levy a tax on 
the rateable property within their respective sections sufficient to supply any de- 
ficiency that may be required after obtaining the legislative and municipal grants. 

FARMS AND LANDS. 

Uncleared land varies in price from 2s. to 40s. an acre, according to situation 
and soil. Cleared and improved farms can be bought at prices ranging from 
£4 to ;^lO an acre. The money can nearly always be paid in instalments, cover- 
ing several years. The leasing of farms is an exception to the general rule, as 
most men desire to own the land they cultivate. Emigrants possessing means 
would do well not to be in haste to purchase, but to get some experience before 
taking so important a step. Agricultural labourers would study their own interests 
by accepting employment as it may be offered on arrival, and they will soon learn 
how to improve permanently their conditions. Persons accustomed to the use 
of mechanical tools, who intend turning their hands to farming, will often find 
such an acquisition of great convenience and value. 

FREE GRANT LANDS. 

On the 1st Jan. 1881, there were 122 townships open for location under the 
free grant and homestead Act of 1S68, each containing between 50,00x3 and 60,- 
000 acres ; making altogether about 6,710,000 acres of free grant lands. Other 
townships will be opened up as railways, and colonization roads are constructed ; 
and the Georgian Bay branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway will, in its con- 
struction, pass through townships in Ontario that will be open to settlers as free 
grants. 

Two hundred acres of land can be obtained, on condition of settlement, by 
every head of a family having children under eighteen years of age ; and any 
male over eighteen years of age can obtain a free grant of 100 acres on con- 
dition of settlement. These lands are protected from seizure for any debt in- 
curred before the issue of the patent, and for twenty years after its issue by a 
^' Homestead Exemption Act." 

CONDITIONS OF SUCCESSFUL SETTLEMENT ON THE FREE GRANTS. 

In order to make a successful settlement upon a free grant, the settler should 
have at the least ;i^40 to ^^50 after reaching his location. But, as elsewhere 



38 

advised in this Guide Book, it would be an act of wisdom on the part of immi-- 
grants on their arrival in the country to deposit their money in a Savings Bank,,, 
where it would draw four per cent, interest, and go out for a year as agricultural 
labourers. The experience thus acquired, will far more than compensate for the 
time lost. The settlers are always willing to help new comers. A house, such- 
as is required by the Act, could be erected by contract for from ;^5 to ;^8 ; but: 
with the assistance which the settler would certainly receive from his neighbours, 
it might be erected for even less. The best season of the year to go on a free 
grant is the month of September, after harvest work in the old settlements is over.. 
There is time to put up a house, and get comfortably settled before the winter sets> 
in ; and during the winter, the work of chopping and clearing can go on. The 
operation of putting in the first crop is a very simple one. Ploughing is at once 
impracticable and unnecessary. The land is light and rich. All it needs is a 
little scratching on the surface to cover the seed. This is done with a drag or 
harrow, which may either be a very rough, primitive implement — -a natural crotch 
with a few teeth in it — or it may be carefully made and well finished. • 

ADVANTAGES FOR PERSONS WITH MEANS. 

Persons of moderate but independent means, who are living on the interesc. 
of their money in England, could double their incomes by settling in Ontario,, 
where seven per cent., and sometimes more, can easily be obtained for investments 
on first class security. Add to this, that living and education are cheaper than in, 
the Old Country, and it will be at once obvious how great are the advantages- 
Ontario offers to this class of persons, and especially those with families. 

Another class of persons to whom Ontario offers special inducements are- 
tenant farmers, who are ambitious of changing their condition as leaseholders to> 
that of freeholders. Improved farms can be bought in Ontario for thp amount of 
capital necessary to carry on a leased farm in Great Britain, thus placing the well- 
to-do farmer in a position of independence. 

THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 

EXTK.NT AND GENERAL CAPABILITIES. 

The Province of Ontario has an area of 188,688 square miles as taken from 
the census districts, but if the map is measured, including the waters which com- 
prise a portion of this Province, the area may iDe stated at 210,000 square miles. 
The soil of a large portion of this immense area is exceedingly fertile, and 
capable of high cultivation. The cereals, grasses, root crops, and many of the 
fruits of the temperate zones grow in abundance and to perfection. In the southern 
parts of the Province, Indian com is a large crop, and fully ripens. Tomatoes 
grow in profusion, and ripen, as do also many varieties of grapes. It may be 
mentioned as a climatic fact of importance for the purpose of comparison, that 
neither Indian corn, nor tomatoes, nor grapes, will ripen in the open air in the 
United Kingdom. Quebec has vast tracts of forest land, and a very large lumber 
trade. It is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, copper, iron, plumbago, 
etc. , etc. , and has especially immense deposits of phosphate of lime, but it has no 
coal. It has large deposits of valuable peat. Its fisheries are of immense extent, 
and among the most valuable in the world. 

The inhabitants of the British Islands and France will both find themselves 
at home in the Province of Quebec, the English and French languages being both 
spoken. 

This Province was originally settled by the French. Among the first English 
settlers who fixed their homes in Quebec were the United Empire Loyalists, 
whom the War of Independence in the United States caused to emigrate to 
Canada. To recompense their allegiance the British Government gave them 
magnificent grants of land in the Eastern Townships in Quebec. 



39 

RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. 

The great river St. Lawrence which forms so remarkable a feature in the 
•continent of North America, runs through this Province from the head of ocean 
navigation to the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and gives to the Province of Quebec a 
commercial position of commanding importance, not only in relation to the 
Province of Ontario, and the North-West of Canada, but also to a large portion 
of the adjoining United States. This great river, apart from its commanding 
commercial importance, is also remarkable for great natural beauty at every point 
of its course. Its waters are everywhere clear and generally blue, being in this 
xespect the opposite of the muddy waters of the Mississippi ; and many of its 
affluents, some of which are looo miles in length, would be esteemed great rivers 
-on the Continent of Europe. It is worth a trip to Canada to sail up the St. 
I^iwrence. 

CHIEF CITIES. 

The historic city of Quebec, containing about 63,000 inhabitants, is the seat 
of the Provincial Government, and presents many features of great interest to 
strangers, as well of its own, as its surroundings, of probably the most beautiful 
scenery in the world. Its port is of great capacity and importance. 

Montreal has a population ofaoout 150,000, and is the commercial metropolis 
-of the Dominion, as well as the principal port of entry of British North America. 
This city has been previously briefly described in another part of this guide-book. 

LANDS AND SURVEYS. 

In the Province of Quebec there are about 6,000,000 acres of land surveyed, 
and offered by the Government in part for sale, and in part for free grants, sub- 
divided into farm lots ; the lakes and large bodies of water being excluded, 
together with 5 per cent, for highways. 



The winters of Quebec are cold, and the summers somewhat similar to those 
In France ; this Province having the summer suns of France, being in the same 
latidude. But very exaggerated notions prevail abroad as to the severity of the 
winters in the Province of Quebec. There is decided cold ; but the air is generally 
dry and brilliant, and the cold therefore not felt to be unpleasant. Snow generally 
•covers the ground during the winter months. It packs under foot, and makes 
everywhere winter roads, over which heavy loads can be drawn in sleighs with 
the greatest ease. These roads for the purpose of teaming are probably the best 
in the world, and they are enjoyed in the newest and roughest parts of the country 
before the regular summer roads are made. The snow generally commences in 
December and goes away in April. 

The snow covering is most advantageous for agricultural operations, as is 
also the winter frost. Both leave the ground in a favorable state after its winter 
rest for rapid vegetable growth. 

The climate of Quebec is one of the happiest under the sun, as well as the 
most pleasant to live in. Fever and Ague, those scourges of the south-western 
States, are unknovra here. There is no malaria, every climatic influence being 
healthy and pure. 

SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 

The soil of the Province of Quebec is for the most part extremely rich, and 
susceptible of the highest cultivation. It is adapted to the growth of very varied 
products. The cereals, hay, root crops and grain crops grow everywhere in 
abundance where they are cultivated. Spring wheat gives an average of about 
eighteen bushels to the acre. Cattle-breeding on a large scale is carried on, 
and in the last four years cattle have been exported in large quantities from 
this Province to the English market. For pasturage the lands of Quebec are of 



40 

special excellence, particularly those in the Eastern Townships, and north of the 
Ottawa. 

Indian corn, hemp, flax and tobacco are grown in many parts of the Pro- 
vince of Quebec, and yield large crops. 

Parts of the Province of Quebec are especially favorable for the growth of 
apples and plums. Large quantities of the former are exported, and some of the 
varieties which are particular to this Province cannot be excelled, if they can be 
equalled. The small fruits everywhere grow in profusion, and grapes, as els 
where stated, ripen in open air in the Southern parts of the Province . Th 
are now beginning to be largely grown. 

POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

The population of the Province of Quebec is 1,359,027 by the census of 1881. 
Of these 1,073,820 were of French origin ; 81,515 of English ; 54,923 of Scotch ; 
123,749 of Irish, and the remainder of other origins. Classified according to re- 
ligion, the population of the Province of Quebec is composed of 1,170,718 Rom- 
an Catholics and 188,309 Protestants. 

Agriculture is the chief occupation of the population of Quebec, but manu- 
factures, fishing in its great waters, and commerce occupy the labours of a consid- 
erable part of the population, as do also lumbering, mining and shipbuilding. 

The most important trade in Quebec is the lumber industry-, and this affords 
nearly everywhere a ready market for the farmer, and in the winter season em- 
ployment for himself and his horses. The value of exports of produce of the 
forest from the Province of Quebec in 1881 was $12,785,223. 

The extension of railways has been very rapid in the Province of Quebec 
since Confederation ; and these have led to a very great development of wealth. 
Many large manufactories have also been recently established. 

This Province has yet much room for men and women, and for capital to de- 
velop its vast resources. 

The principal articles manufactured in the Province of Quebec are cloth, 
linen, furniture, leather, sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, chemicals, 
soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen goods, etc. , and all kinds of agricultural 
implements. Butter and cheese factories may be especially mentioned. These 
are being rapidly extended. No less than 400 new ones have been established in 
the Province during 1882. 

TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS AND MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. 

As regards civil matters, Quebec is divided into parishes, townships, counties 
and districts. There are sixty counties in the Province. For judicial purposes 
the Province is divided into twenty districts. The functions of the municipal in- 
stitutions are the keeping in repair cf roads, bridges and public works of a purely 
local character, and the maintaining laws favourable to agricultural." 

The affairs of the parish are regulated by five or seven councillors elected by 
the ratepayers. A mayor presides over their deliberations, and great care is taken 
that no unnecessary expenses are incurred. 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 

The great River St. Lawrence from the earlier period of settlement has 
afforded the chief means of communication, but the Province has other large 
navigable rivers, among which may be mentioned the Ottawa, which divides it 
from the Province of Ontario, and also in its turn has affluents of very considerable 
length. The Richelieu, with its locks, affords communication with the Hudson, 
in the State of New York. The St. Maurice is navigable for a considerable ex- 
tent The Saguenay is one of the most remarkable rivers on the continent, and 
thousands visit it for its scenery. There are other rivers of less importance. It 
has already been stated that the extension of railroads has been very rapid, and 
these in fact now connect all the considerable centres of population both on the 
north and the south shore of the St. Lawrence. The wild lands are opened up by 
colonization roads, and besides the regular macadamized roads there are every 
where rcwis throughout the Province- 



41 

MINERALS AND FISHERIES. 

It has been already stated that the Province of Quebec is rich in minerals. 
( jold is found in the district of Beauce, and elsewhere. Copper abounds in the 
Eastern Townships, and iron is found nearly everywhere. Some very rich iron 
mines are being worked. Lead, silver, platinum, zinc, etc., are found in abun- 
dance. The great deposits of phosphate of lime, particularly in the Ottawa 
valley, have been elsewhere alluded to. These mines have been largely worked, 
and large quantities of the phosphate have been exported. This mineral brings a 
high price in P]ngland, owing to its high per-centage of purity. 

The fisheries of the Province are a great boon to the settlers and fishermen 
resident on its long coast lines. The fishing industry has attained large propor- 
tions, the products being exported to distant portions of the Dominion and 
foreign parts. . 

EDUCATION. 

The means afforded for education in the Province of Quebec are very good. 
There is a vSuperintendent of Public Instruction, who controls and directs public 
teaching in the Province. He is assisted by a Council of twenty-five members, 
of whom seventeen are Roman Catholics, and eight are Protestants. This Council 
is sub-divided into two Committees, one Roman Catholic, the other Protestant, 
in such a way that each respectively has the exclusive control of the management 
of its own schools. 

Primary education is obligatory, in so far as every taxpayer is bound to 
contribute to it a moderate sum. The sum levied is equal in amount to the 
school grant allowed by the Government to every municipality in the Province. 
Besides this, heads of families have to pay a monthly fee, varying from five to 
forty cents, for every child between the ages of 7 and 14 capable of attending 
school. There are annually allowed to poor municipalities $8,000. Primary 
schools are placed under the control of Commissioners elected by the ratepayers 
of each municipality. 

In municipalities where there exist different religious denominations the 
School Commissioners of the majority govern. If the minority are not satisfied 
with their management as it concerns them specially, they may signify their 
dissent to the President of the School Commissioners, and elect Trustees to 
direct their own schools. Thus the minority, be it Catholic or Protestant, has 
•no fear of being oppressed. 

There are special schools, called Normal Schools, supported by the State, 
wherein school teachers are trained. There are three in Quebec, two Catholic 
and one Protestant. There are to-day in Quebec close upon 4,000 Primary 
Schools wherein elementary instruction is given to fally 200,000 pupils ; and 
nearly 300 Secondary and Model Schools attended by at least 40,000 pupils. 
These schools are maintained at a joint cost of $1,000,000. Inspectors connected 
with the Education Department visit the schools of the district to which they 
are appointed to assure themselves of the competency of the teachers, and the 
efficiency of their management. Besides these schools of primary instruction, 
there are Special Schools, Lyceums, Commercial Schools, and Schools of Agri- 
culture. These number about 150, and are attended Jby 3,000 pupils. 

There are, besides those wherein the classics are mainly taught, twenty-six 
Superior Schools in the Province. Eighteen are Catholic and eight Protestant. 
The Catholic colleges owe their existence to the generosity of the clergy. In the 
majority of cases the Professors are ecclesiastics, who follow their course of 
theology while they act as teachers, and are content to receive a remuneration 
o( $40 per annum, besides board and lodging. This explains the low rates paid 
by pupils for tuition and board, which does not reach the sum of $100 per year. 
Hundreds of young men, devoid of means, have been, and are, educated gratuit- 
ously in these schools. Owing to these facilities, education of a very superioj- 
order is very widely extended in this Province. 

There are three Universities in Quebec, two of which are Protestant — McGLlJ 
•t'ollege, founded in 1827; and Bishops' College, Lennoxville, foimded in 184J 



42 

by his Lordship Bishop Mountain. The Catholic University, Laval, like the 
English ones, is incorporated, but, beyond this, has nothing in common with 
thetn. It was founded in 1854 by the Seminary of Quebec, which spent in the- 
undertaking $300,000, and now mafctains it at its own expense, without State aid. 

RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 

These institutions form one of the chief features of Quebec. With tbe 
earlier missionaries came the Soeurs Hospitalieres to care for the sick, and the 
Ursulines and the Sisters of the Congregation followed to attend to the educating: 
of the rising generation and assist in civilizing the Indians. These institutions, 
endowed by the State or by private individuals, have gone on multiplying and 
meeting the requirements of progress. 

By the side of the Catholic institutions have grown up and prospered those 
of other religious communities, between which and the Catholic institutions ncv 
rivalry exists, except in doing good. The Government of the Province devotes 
a considerable portion of its revenues, about 5160,000 a year, to the support oT 
charitable institutions. 

FARMS FOR SALE AND PRICES OF GOVERNMENT LANDS. 

Tenant farmers from the old country may find frequent opportunities to pur- 
chase improved farms in the Province of Quebec at very reasonable prices ; from: 
£^ stg. to £,(i stg. per acre, including dwelling-house, outbuildings and fencing.. 
Farms of this description, particularly suited to emigrants from the United King- 
dom may be found in the Eastern Townships. 

It has been already stated that about 6,000,000 acres of land have been survey- 
ed by the Government, for sale and free grants. 

Lands purchased from the Government are to be paid for in the following 
manner : one-fifth of the purchase money is required to be paid the day of the 
sale, and the remainder in four equal yearly instalments, bearing interest at 
six per cent. But the price at which the lands are sold is so low, that is from 20- 
cts. to 60 cts. per acre (I5d. to 2s. 5^d. sterling), these conditions are not very 
bardensome. In fact, it is equivalent to the same thing as giving them away i» 
the wilderness form ; for the price at which they are sold barely covers the cost 
of making the survey and making roads. 

The purchaser is required to take possession of the land sold within six 
months of the date of the sale, and to occupy it within two years. He must dear 
in the course of xo years, ten acres for every hundred held by him, and erect a 
habitable house of the dimensions of at least 16 ft. by 20 ft. The Letters Patent 
are issued free of charge. 

On eight of the great colonization roads 84,050 acres are set apart, for free 
grants, and in lots of 100 acres each. Any person over 18 years may demand a 
permit of occupation from any Crown Lands Agent ; and if at the end of four 
years he has cleared 12 acres and built a house, he may take out Letters Patent 
free of charge. 

The parts of the Province of Quebec now inviting colonization are the val' 
leys on the Saguenay, St. Maurice and the Ottawa : The Eastern Townships ; 
the Lower St. Lawrence ; .and Gaspe. 

VALLEY OF THE SAGUENAY. 

The settlement of the valley of the Saguenay is much higher in latitude than 
Quebec, lying between the 48th and 49th parallels ; but the climate is about the 
same as that of Qdebec, and around Lake St. John it is said to be even more 
moderate. The soil in this locality is very rich, being argillaceous mingled with 
a small quantity of sand. The ordinary crops ripen very well, and a road is com- 
pleted across the country to make direct communication with the city of 
Quebec. 

VALLEY OF ST. MAURICE. 

The territory waieretl by tho St. Maurice and its tributaries covers an immense 



48 

region ol 24,140 square miles. There are at present surveyed and divided ii>fo 
farm lots 441,200 acres for sale at jocts. per acre, (is. 2)^d. stg.) 

VALLEY OF THE MATAWAN. 

The recent exploration in the valley of the Matawan, a tributary of flw 
Upper St. Maurice, draining a large tract of land about 75 miles beyond the 
Laurentian chain, has revealed the existence of an extensive tract of fertile land 
which is now attracting the attention of colonists. 

Two parallel roads, the first starting from the town of Joliette, the .second 
from Terrebonne — a distance of 36 miles apart — have already been opened as far 
as the Matawan. Settlement is taking place on them. 

OTrAW.\ VALLEY. 

In the Ottawa Valley the number of acres surveyed and divided into farm 
lots is 1,358,500, offered for .sale at 30cts. per acre (is. 2^4! d.) The colonization of 
these lands is going on very rapidly, and new townships are being opened. The 
valley of the Ottawa is the principal seat of the lumber operations of the Province. 

Many of the tributaries of the Ottawa contain large quantities of fish. Trout 
are caught in large numbers in some of the back waters, and packed in snow for 
transport to Southern markets, where they bring a high price. 

The rich deposits of phcjsphate of lime- in that region are atir.acting capitalists 
and settlers. 

BELOW QUEBEC. 

Below Quebec, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, there are large tracts 
of land favourable for settlement. The Government have 1,223,200 acres divided 
into farm lots, for sale at 30cts. (is. 234'(1. stg.) per acre. An imf)orlant coloniza- 
tion road has been opened through the centre of this tract, called the Tache road, 
of 209 miles in length. This is intersected with cross roads connecting with the 
settlements of the shore on the river. 

The construction of the Intercolonial Railway has led to the opening up of 
several townships in Metapediac Valley, the soil of which is reported very good. 
Colonization has received great impetus from the railway. 

To the east of the Metapediac road is the immense district of Gaspe, forming 
an area 8,613 miles of superficies ; bounded by the St. Lawrence and the Bay 
of Chaleurs. It is in great part rocky and unfit for cultivation ; but there are 
many portions which are extremely fertile, and its fishing grounds are said to bfe 
the most advantageous in the Dominion. Both sea weeds and fish are used foF 
manure by the farmers. The Government <tffers for sale 491,000 acres of land il^ 
Gaspe, at from 20 to 30 cents per acre (lod. to is. 23^6. stg.) 

FREE GRANTS ANU E.XEMP ITONS. 

In the case of free grants the conditions are trifling. Possession must be 
taken within a month, and twelve acres must be under cultivation at the expira- 
tion of four years. The Crown Land agents are obliged to grant a permit of 
ocaipation for 100 acres to any person who claims the same, provided only the 
person has attained the age of eighteen. And further to protect the settler a law 
was passed in 186S, providing that no mortgage should be valid on the lanri 
granted to him, nor his farm liable to be sold judicially for any debt contracted 
by him previous to his entering upon it, and for the ten years following the grant- 
ing of letters patent. The following among other things are declared exemjit 
from seizure for sale judicially : — 

" The bed and bedding of the family, the wearing apparel, stoves, knives and 
forks, spoons, spinning wheels, weaving looms, etc., etc., the fuel, meat and 
vegetables for family use, two horses, four cows, six sheep, four j^igs, hay anri 
forage necessary for the support of these animals during the winter ; vehicles am.; 
other implements of agriculture." Certain of these articles m.ny be attached, how- 
ever, but only when the del»t is contracted in the purchase of such articles. Thir. 



44 

protection is an evidence sufficiently strong of the interest taken by the Goyero- 
ment in the settler. Independently of these provisions, societies exist everywhere 
for the benefit of the agriculturist ; and colonization societies, whose duty it is t« 
promote settlement and protect the settler, are largely subsidized by the Govern- 
ment. 

TITLES TO LANDS. 

It is well to state that all aliens have a right to acquire and transmit by suc- 
cessidn or by will, all movable and immovable property in the Province of Quebec 
in the same way as British-born subjects. There are uo questionable titles in 
Quebec, the system of registration being perfect, so the purchaser of lands has 
nothing to fear ; and for the rest, Quebec shares in common with other parts of 
the Dominion in a perfect postal and telegraph system. There are also Govern- 
ment savings' banks where a depositor may obtain 4 per cent, for his money with 
the most perfect security. Those who settle in Quebec will settle in the central 
•commercial Province of the Dominion of Canada, and among' a most orderly and 
4aw-abiding people. 

THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. 

The Eastern Townships comprise a portion of the Province of Quebec, south 
of the Hiver St. Lawrence, and adjoining the frontier of the United States. They 
call for particular mention. It has happened from the fact of these Townships 
lying outside of the ordinary route of travel from the United Kingdom to the 
west of the Dominion, that they have not hitherto been so much sought out as 
other parts of the Dominion by settlers. They yet offer particular advantages 
which are worthy of notice. These Townships are the most English part of the 
Province of Quebec, having been originally settled by United Empire loyalists, 
who left the present United States at the time of their separation from England, 
and who thereby made enormous sacrifices to preserve their allegiance. From 
that root, the spirit of loyalty has contmued to grow and spread. The original 
stock has been replenished and added to by immigrants from the United Kingdom ; 
and people from the British Islands will here find themselves among a congenial 
people. There are also many French-Canadian settlers in the Townships, who 
live in the most perfect harmony with their brethren who speak the English 
tongue. 

CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS. 

The Eastern Townships form the most southern part of the Province of 
Quebec, the frontier being on the line of 45° north latitude, which corresponds 
in Europe with that of the south of France. This condition gives a decided 
warmth in summerj sufficient to make Indian corn one of the chief and most 
profitable crops. It is known that where Indian corn is ripened, tomatoes, 
grapes, and other delicate fruits,, as well as tobacco, may also be ripened in the 
open air. Apples and all ordinary small fruits not only grow in great abundance, 
buf the conditions of the country are especially adapted to their production. The 
■same remark may be made with respect to the ordinary cereals, such as wheat, 
oats, barley, etc. The average yield of spring wheat is eighteen bushels to the 
acre. Grazing and stock-raising have, however, been special features of the 
Township industries, for the reason of particular adaptation. 

They are favourably situated for feeding and fattening and sending stock to 
the markets of the United Kingdom. Cheese factories, and creameries for the 
manufacture of butter are carried on with success ; as are also several kinds of 
manufactures. 

In the winter the climate is the same as in other parts of the Province of 
<^uebec, and needs no more particular description than that elsewhere given. 

SOIL AND FEATURES. 

The soil of the Eastern Townships is very fertile, and susceptible of the 
highest cultivation. It is generally a light loam, but it varies in different locali- 



45 

ies. The fefttWe& of the country are rolling or hilly, and in some parts these 
hills rise into little mountains. They are all, however, clothed with a rich growth 
of forest. Before the country was settled, it was wholly covered with forests, 
the valleys as well as the hills ; the trees being of those varieties which are known 
in America to be a sign of a naturally drained soil of great fertility. Among 
these varieties may be mentioned maple, hard and soft, birch, elm, ash, spruce, 
basswood, butternut, hickory, cedar, hemlock, etc. 

The Townships are well watered ; and contiguous to the forests are numer- 
ous water-powers, many of which are already utilized for manufactures. The 
whole country is in fact literally intersected with streams and rivulets, the waters 
of which are clear and cold; and, almost everywhere, before the saw-mill is 
erected, the home of the red trout. There are many lakes of great natural beauty, 
and one of them. Lake Memphremagog, even exceeds Loch Lomond in loveli- 
ness of scenery. These lakes as well as the streams, are rich in valuable fish. 
In a word, for natural beauty of landscape, the Eastern Townships are con- 
spicuous. 

SETTLEMENT ON LAND AND PURCHASE Ol" IMPROVED FARMS.- 

The settler in the Eastern Townships has the choice between taking up wild 
•or forest land, and settling on an improved farm. It should be, however, explained 
that settling on wild land implies a great deal of hard work, and special adapta- 
tion to ensure success. As a rule, men who have been brought up in Canada 
and accustomed to the use of the axe from youth, are the most successful and 
skilful, while on the other hand new-comers from the British Islands are better 
adapted to carry on and still further improve already improved farms. Of course, 
it will cost as much labour in the first place to clear the forest, as would buy an 
improved farm ; but thousands of men whose means were limited, have found 
their toil sweetened in their struggle for independence by seeing this condition 
grow from day to day under the work of their hands. 

The Government of the Province of Quebec has about 900,000 acres of wild 
or forest land for sale in tlu' Eastern Townships. These lands are sold at from 
fifty to sixty cents (2 s. 4^2 d. to 3 s. stg, ) per acre, on condition of settlements 
There are also lands held by the British Land Company. Improved farms may 
be bought in the Eastern Townships on very favourable terms ; in many cases as 
cheaply as the rent of a good farm in England. 

PRODUCTIONS AND MINERALS. 

As already stated. Agriculture and Dairying form the principal industries of 
the Eastern Townships. The butter, for instance, produced there, is remarkable 
for its special excellence ; the rich grasses of the hill-sides, and clear streams, be- 
ing most favourable for grazing. The good quality of the cheese is as marked as 
that of butter. In point of stock raising there are cattle in the Eastern Town- 
^*hips, both Short-horns and Polls, which would compete with any in the world. 
There are also fine Herefords, and other varieties. Sheep do well in the Town- 
>4hips ; and they will probably become more profitable with the further opening 
up of the export trade to England. 

The manufactures comprise woollens, carriages, ironware, agricultural imple- 
i»eot5i, furniture, manufactures of cotton, beet-root sugar, etc. 

COMMUNICATIONS AND MARKETS. 

The Eastern Townships are now thoroughly opened up in every direction. 
The Grand Trunk Railway connects Richmond, Sherbrooke, and Compton, with 
Montreal and Portland on the Atlantic coast. The Central Vermont Railway 
connects another portion of the Townships with the cities of Montreal and Boston. 
The South-f^stern Railway connects still another portion with the same cities. 
The Quebec Central Railway connects Sherbrooke with Quebec, as well as the 
western f)ortions of the Townships. The International, connecting with the 
(iraod Trunk at Sherbrooke. opens up a vnJuable trac;t of country for settlement, 



40 

and is being rapidly pushed on, so as to form a through line connecting with the 
ports of St. John and St. Andrew, in New Brunswick; making the shortest 
possible line between Montreal and the Atlantic sea-board. The St. Lawrence 
and Lake Charaplain Railway, the Montreal, Portland and Boston Railway, the 
Massawippi Valley Railway, severally open up other portions of the Townships ; 
and there are other railways. Besides these, there are many good carriage roads. 

SUITABILITY FOR IMMIGRANTS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. 

The settler from the United Kingdom may find good society, ample means 
for the education of his children, from the Primary Schools to the University ; 
Churches of all denominations, and congenial social conditions. 

On the shores of Lake Memphremagog, and in many other parts ot th 
Eastern Townships, very handsome residences have been erected in situations o 
almost unexampled natural Ijeauty, coupled with very favourable climatic condi- 
tions. Comparatively small means would enable a man to obtain an estate in the 
Eastern Townships in which he might find conditions of comfort and natural 
beauty which even a large fortune would not enable him to secure in the old 
country. There is, moreover, the fact that society is much more free and open than in 
England ; and it therefore happens that the conditions are particularly favourable 
for the settlement and retirement of men who have themselves acquired competence 
in the walks of commerce or manufacturing industry, in the mother country. 

PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 

GENERAL FEATURES. 

The next Province to the East of Quebec is New Brunswick. This, with 
Nova Scotia, is nearer to Europe than any of the populated portions of the Con- 
tinent of America. It is larger than both Belgium and Holland united, and 
nearly two-thirds as large as England. It is 210 miles in length, and 180 miles 
in breadth ; having a coast line of about 500,000 miles, indented with spacious 
bays and inlets ; and it is intersected in every direction by large navigable rivers. 
The surface of the country is generally very undulating, and on its west coast, from 
the Bay of Chaleurs to the boundary of Nova Scotia, there is scarcely a hill 
exceeding 300 feet in height. There are elevated lands skirting the Bay of Fundy 
and the river St. John, but the only section of a mountainous character, is that 
bordering on the Province of Quebec on the north, while the country is beautifully 
diversified by oval-topped hills, ranging from 500 to 800 feet in height, clothed 
with lofty forest trees almost to their summits, and surrounded by fertile valleys 
and table lands. 

New Brunswick is a farming country ; also a lumber country ; and it has 
great fisheries, both coast and river. According to the record of the British Army, 
it is one of the healthiest countries in the world. Ship-building is one of its 
industries. It has fine harbours, open all the year, and as already stated, its 
rivers water ever)' part of the Province, floating down to the sea-board the pro- 
ducts of a fertile country. It has many manufactories, and is well opened up by 
railways and waggon-roads. 

• The postal and telegraphic systems of the Province connect it with other 
Provinces of the Dominion, the United States, Great Britain, and the Continent 
ot Europe. 

It is said that New Brunswick has the greatest number of miles of railway in 
proportion to population of any country in the world. These railways connect 
the capitals of St. John with Halifax on the Atlantic, with Pictou on the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence , and all the cities and towns of the United States by lines via 
Bangor, and with Quebec, Montreal, and other places in Canada by the Inter- 
colonial Railway. Besides, there is the River du Loup line via Fredericton and 
Woodstock, to the St. Lawrence ; also several other lines. 



47 



The principal river is the St. John, which is 450 miles in length, and fluws 
through the Province for a distance of 225 miles. It is navigable for steamers of 
large size for 84 miles from the sea to Fredericton ; and the steamers running be- 
tween St. John and Fredericton almost equal in magnificence those splendid 
boats that ply on the great American rivers. Above Fredericton similar steamers 
ply to Woodstock, about 70 miles farther ; and when the water is high, make 
occasional trips to Tobique, a farther distance of 50 miles ; sometimes reaching 
Grand Forks, a distance of 220 miles from the sea. 

The Mirimachi is a large river, navigable for vessels of 1,000 tons for twenty- 
five miles from its mouth ; for schooners twenty miles farther ; and above this 
point it is farther navigable for sixty miles for tow-boats. 

The Restigouche is a noble river three miles wide at its mouth at the Bay ot 
Chak-urs, and is navigable for large vessels for eighteen miles. This river and 
tributaries drain about 4,000 miles of tenitorj-, abounding in timber and other 
valuable resources. 

Besides these rivers there are the Richibucto, the Petit-Codiac, the St. Croix, 
all navigable for large vessels. These several rivers have affluents of more or less 
importance. Some of those of the St. John are navigable for various distances ; 
namely, the Kennebecasis, the Washademoak, the Grand Lake, the Tobique, and 
the Aroostook. 

CLIMATE. 

On this head we take the following remarks from a pamphlet published by 
he Provincial Government : — 

"In New Brunswick the summer is warmer and its winter colder than in 
England, the ranges of temperature being, in the interior, from 92" above zero to 
18° below zero (Fahrenheit). The whole number of days, however, in which the 
temperature is below zero rarely exceeds twenty. It rarely happens that more 
than four days occur together when the mercury is below zero at all. There are 
generally in the course of the winter three or four periods, lasting two or three 
days each, when the weather is very cold, and these occur at the same time over 
the whole breadth of America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Between them 
are thaws, occasional rains, and warm sunny days, during which the average range 
of the mercury is from 10° to 40° above zero. In general the winters are pleasant, 
and a few days of extreme cold are nothing in comparison with the average amount 
of fine weather." 

"The snow disappears early in April, and Spring ploughing commences ; 
seed-time continues, according to the season, firom the last week in April until early 
in May. In June the apple trees are in full blossom, In July, wild strawberries 
of fine flavour are ripe and abundant; haying then begins. In August, early pota- 
toes are brought to market, as also raspberries and other wild fruits. In Sep- 
tember, oats, wheat, and other cereal grains are ready for the sickle ; these are 
generally secured before October. The Autumn is long, and the weather is then 
delicious. This is decidedly the most pleasant portion of the year. There are 
usually heavy rains in November, but when not wet the weather is fine and pleas- 
ant. The rivers generally close during the latter part of this month, and by the 
middle of Decembtr winter again fairly sets in." 

The effect of the winters, so far from being injurious to the agriculturist, are 
a great advantage to him, as when the frost goes away the ground i.s found to be 
pulverized thereby, and this is one of the agents that tend to bring about large 
crops. 

PRODUCTS. 

All the fruits generally found in England are grown in New Brunswick ; 
especially apples, pears, plums, cherries, currants, gooseberries, and strawberries. 

This Province is especially adapted to the growth of potatoes. They grow 
very abundantly, and are very largely cultivated. The ordinary cereals do well. 
Spring wheat gives an average of eighteen bushels to the acre. The following is 



48 

the testimony of eminent and trustworthy men respecting the capabilities of New 
Brunswick. 

Major Robinson, R. E., who in 1845 explored the Province under direction 
of the British Government, thus describes the Province in his Report to the Im- 
perial Parliament : — , ... 

"Of the climate, soil, and capabilities of New Brunswick, it is impossible to 
speak too highly. There is not a countrj- in the world so beautifully wooded and 
watered. An inspection of the map will show that there is scarcely a section of it 
without its streams, from the running brook, to the navigable river. Two-thirds 
of its boundary are washed by the sea ; the remainder is embraced by the large 
rivers the St. John and Restigouche. For beauty and richness of scenery this 
latter river and its branches are not to be surpassed by anything in Great Britain. 
The lakes of New Brunswick are numerous. and most beautiful ; its surface is un- 
dulating, hill and dale varying to the mountain and valley. The country can 
everywhere be penetrated by its streams. In some parts of the interior, by a por- 
tage of three or four miles, a canoe can be floated either to the Bay of Chaleurs or 
dowti to St. John, on the Bay of Fundy." 

Some years ago. Professor Johnston, F. R. S., of England, the author of 
works on agricultural chemistry, was invited to visit New Brunswick for the pur- 
pose of examining and reporting on the soil and agricultural capabilities of the 
Province. In his report he concludes : — 

" I. That the soil of New Brunswick is capable of producing food for a 
population of from five to six millions. 

"2. That in the capability of growing all the common crops on which man 
and beast mainly depend, the whole Province of New Brunswick, taken together, 
exceeds even the favoured Genesee Valley. 

" 3. That the chmate is an exceedingly healthy one, and that it does not pre- 
vent the soil from producing crops which, other things being equal, are not inferior, 
either in quantity or quality, to those of average soils of England." 

In fact, it may be stated that at the London and Paris Exhibitions, New 
Brunswick took the first prize for oats, the weight being fifty-seven pounds to the 
bushel. 

Archbishop Connolly, the late Roman Catholic Archbishop of Nova Scotia, 
speaking of New Brunswick, said : — 

" He had sjient years in Italy, had been twice in France ; he knew every 
county in Ireland, and had seen most of England and many other countries — but 
he never saw any other country teeming with greater abundance of everything 
necessary for the sustenance of man ; no country more highly endowed by Pro- 
vidence with beauty and fertility than New Brunswick appeared to him to be 
when on his visitation ; during the summer season he travelled through various 
districts, and saw on every side fields of potatoes, and corn, and vegetables, such 
as could nowhere be exceeded, and the people in a corresponding degree com- 
fortable, happy, and independent." 

Macgregor, in his work on British America, speaking of the forests says :— 

" It is impossible to exaggerate the beauty of these forests— nothing under 
heaven can be compared to its effulgent grandeur. Two or three frosty nights in 
the decline of Autumn transform the boundless verdure of a whole empire into 
every possible tint of brilliant scarlet, rich violet, every shade of blue and brown, 
vivid crimson, and glittering yellow. The stern inexorable fir trees alone main- 
tain their eternal sojnbre green ; all others, on mountain or in valleys, burst into 
the most splendid and most enchanting panorama on earth." 

Among the products it may be specially mentioned that coal is abundant. 
Antimony, copper, iron, manganese, and other valuable minerals are found in 
considerable quantities. The favourable maritime position of New Brunswick, 
with her wealth of forests, has verj' largely led to the interest of ship-building. 
New Brunswick has, therefore, always been eminent as a ship building country, 
and in every market and in every port her ships have a well-known character for 
strength, durability) workmanlike finish and model. . 

The manufactures of New Brunswick consist of woollens, cottons, boots and 
.shoes, leather, lumber, furniture, carriages, doors, sashes, staves, paper, soap, 



49 

nails, agricultural implements, stoves, steam-engines, locomotives, etc. These 
industries are in a prosperous state. 

FISHERIES. 

It is claimed by the pamphlet of the Provincial Government that the deep 
sea and river fisheries of the Maritime Provinces of Canada are admittedly 
superior to all others in America, and from them the markets of the United States, 
the West Indies, and South America are largely supplied. The finest salmon, 
cod, mackerel, herring and shad fisheries in the world can be prosecuted within 
sight of the shores of New Brunswick ; and her inland waters teem with trout and 
salmon. (See appendix to this Guide Book for statistics of the value of the 
Fisheries). 

EDUCATION. 

The educational institutions of New Brunswick, as elsewhere in the Dominion, 
are remarkable for the facility with which they may be made use of by the 
poorest of the population. There are supported by law a Provincial University 
and Training or Normal School for teachers, and a system of Common Schools 
ranging from the Primary to the Grammar or High Schools. The Common 
Schools are free to all, being supported from the Provincial Revenue, and by rate 
upon the entire population of the country. 

SOCIAL LIFE .\ND ADAPT.'\BILITY FOR SETTLERS KRO.M CiREAT BRITAIN. 

The social life and civilization of New Brunswick is that of Great Britain, 
with such changes as are naturally induced by life in a country where the land is 
owned by the tiller of the soil; where" there is no exclusive or favoured class; 
where, in the eye of the law, all men and all creeds are equal; and where the 
physical characteristics of the country are fitted to develop the best qualities of 
the race. The New Brunswicker is ordinarily robust, athletic, active, intelligent, 
and enterprising. He is surrounded with all the evidences of civilization. In 
every settlement there is the post-ofifice, the newspaper, the school, and the 
church. The country is a new country only in the absence of traditions and a 
history. The emigrant from England, Scotland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, 
Denmark, or France, will come to a country as advanced in all respects of civiliza- 
tion as the country he has left, but free from many of the social, legal, and 
economic drawbacks which often render life in the older countries unpleasant and 
labour unremunerative. Wherever he settles he will be within the reach of 
profitable markets, free schools, and the m.eans of religious worship. And in 
New Brunswick all religious bodies exist on terms of equality. There is no 
State Church. 

PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. ' 

A pamphlet has been published respecting Nova Scotia by the Government 
of that Province. It is written by Mr. Herbert Crosskill, Deputy Provincial 
Secretary, and published under the authority of His Honour the Lieutenant- 
Governor and the Executive Council. It is approved by an Order-in Council 
passed by the Provincial Government, which states that " the Council are of 
" opinion that the information therem contained' is correct and reliable, and cal- 
" culated to be useful to intending emigrants."" The following extr.acts are, there- 
fore, taken from this pamphlet: — 

GENERAL FEATURES. 

It States that " Nova Scotia is a peninsula, lying between 43' and 46' North 
latitude, and 61° and 67° West longitude. It is connected with the Prcvince of 
New Brunswick by a narrow isthmus, about i6 miles wide; iis area is about 30- 
miles in length, by 80 to 100 miles in width. Its length running about north 



50 

cast and south-west. The Province contains about 11,000,000 acres, of which 
2.!x)ut one-fifth part consists of lakes and small rivers. About 5,000,000 acres of 
land are fit for tillage. 

"There is no finer scenery to be found in America than in many parts of 
JSova Scotia; there is a great variety of hill and dale, small, quiet, glassy lakes, 
and pretty land-locked inlets of the sea, which would afford charming studies 
for an artist. The gloriously bright tints of our autumn forest scenery, warmed 
by an Indian summer sun, cannot be surpassed anywhere." 



*' It is not generally known outside the Province that the climate of Nova 
Scotia is more temperate than that of any other part of the Dominion; but such 
is the fact. The extreme cold which is experienced in winter in other parts of 
America is not felt here, owing perhaps to the fact that the Province is almost 
completely surrounded by the sea." 

"The climate is extremely healthy; there is probably none more so in the 
world. The health returns from the British military stations place this Province 
in the first class. Nova Scotia has fewer medical men in proportion to the popu- 
lation, and requires their services less than any other part of America. The 
inhabitants live to a good old age. There are many people now in this Province 
who have passed their one hundredth year." 

SOIL AND THE PRODUCTIONS THEREOK. 

" The fertility of the soil in the agricultural districts is unsurpassed, as is 
evidenced by the f?ct that, in quantity and quality, the productions of our farms 
are equal, and in many cases superior, to those of Great Britain, for instance our 
orchards produce larger and finer apples than are grown in any other part of tlw 
•world." 

"All the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries, 
blackberries, blueberries, huckleberries, &c. , are very abundant, both in a wild 
state and cultivated. Our wild strawberries, although small, are remarkably rich 
and high-flavored; indeed, they are far more delicious than any of the cultivated 
sorts. Probably no country in the world produces a greater variety or abundance 
of wild berries." 

" Our grain and root crops are also excellent, the average production of 
which in the Western counties is, as nearly as it is possible to come at it, as fol- 
lows: — Wheat, per acre, 18 bushels; rye, 21 do.; barley, 35 do.; oats, 34 do.; 
buckwheat, 33 do.; Indian corn (maize), 42 do.; turnips, 420 do.; potatoes, 250 
do.; mangel-wurzel, 500 do.; beans, 22 do.; and hay, 2 tons." 

" The above is a general average of the crops in three counties; but there 
are many farms which, being highly cultivated, produce crops that are truly 
astonishing. For instance, in King's county, a few years ago, I knew a farmer 
who in one season raised on a little less than one acre of land four hundred and 
three bushels of potatoes; and in Annapolis county I have frequently seen sixty 
bushels of shelled corn raised on an acre. In Colchester county forty-six bushel.": 
of oats have been produced per acre. Mr. James E. Rathbone, of Lower Horton, 
in the county of Kings, cut last summer five and one half tons of hay (two crops) 
rom one and one-eighth acres of land; and in 1870 he raised on thfe same piece of 
ground sevetity-four bushels of barley. 

"Beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, peas, squash, pumpkins, melons, tomatoes, 
etc., are raised in large quantities. We sometimes see squash at our Agricultural 
exhibitions weighing from lOO to 150 lbs. each." 

"Broom corn, sorghum (Chinese sugar cane), and tobacco have been suc- 
cessfully grown, a proof of the warmth of the climate and fertility of the soil." 

"The crops of hay, timothy and clover and coarse 'salt grass,' that are raised 
on the dyked lands and marshes in the counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and 
Cumberland, are sometimes almost incredible." 

"I have seen four tons, of 2240 lbs. of timothy and clover taken off a single 
acre, besides a light second crop late in the season." 



51 

"Hemp can be raised here in perfection, but none is grown. By way of 
experiment, however it was tried in 1868 by several farmers, and the experiment 
was remarkably successful." 

"Every farmer keeps a few sheep, but the flocks are seldom taken proper 
care of. A number of thoroughbred shepherds, who would introduce the best 
breeds of sheep, both for wool producing and for mutton, would, in a few years, 
make a small fortune. There is a great deal of land suitable for the purpose in 
every country, and even among the wild lands there are large tracts of open, 
rough pasture, that might be made capable of maintaining vast flocks of sheep at 
very little expense." 

" Tobacco might be successfully and profitably culti%~aled in the counties of 
Kings and Annapolis. Hops may be easily raised, as the soil is well adapted for 
the growth of the plant. A number of English hop growers would do well, as 
there is a good home market for the article. ' 

"Dairy farming might be extensively and profitably prosecuted in this Pro- 
vince," 

' ' Farmers in Nova Scotia raise a good deal of pork for their own use and 
for market, and many of the farmers' wives obtain considerable pocket money by 
the sale of poultry and eggs. They also make a great deal of >'arn, which 
they knit and weave into socks and warm clothes for their own wear and for 
sale." 

PEAT LANDS. 

" In many parts of the Province there are large tracts of peat lands or bogs ; 
but they are not made available in any way. Peat is not required for fuel in 
Nova Scotia, because, at present, there is plenty of coal and wood." 

THE PRODUCTION OF TUK SEA AND RIVERS. 

" The fisheries of Nova Scotia have long been celebrated, and indeed they 
are so valuable that the protection of them has caused a great deal of dispute be- 
tween the governments of Great Britain and the United States. The Americans, 
who have no valuable fisheries on their own coasts, are constantly encroaching on 
•nrs." 

" In some seasons our bays and harbors teem with fish of various kinds. — 
Mackerel, herring, cod, haddock, halibut, hake, pollock, shad, smelt, perch, eels, 
etc. Lobsters are abundant, and are usually sold in the Halifax market at about 
one shilling per dozen." 

" Good sport is afforded in spearing lobsters at night by torch-light. We 
have a plentiful supply of shell-fish, viz., oysters, scallops, clams, quahuags, 
mussels, etc. Indeed, no country in the world can produce a greater variety of 
sea fish, or in greater abundance. Our rivers and lakes afford salmon, trout, and 
grayling ; and we have no lack of the disciples of Isaac Walton. Any boy with a 
bean pole, a half dozen yards of twine, with a hook on the end of it, and a few 
angle worms or grass-hoppers, may go out in the morning and kill as many trout 
as will do a large family for breakfast. In some lakes they are quite large, and 
are taken as heavy as four or five pounds. In other lakes they are small, seldom 
weighing more than one pound. The little brook trout is an excellent pan fish ; 
the prince of all the trout tribe is the sea trout. This fish is taken in large num- 
kers at the mouths of rivers emptying into the Atlantic. 

WOODS AND FORESTS. 

" Nova Scotia contains vast tracts of woodland, which produce timber for 
shipbuilding, and for manufacturing into lumber for exportation. Millions of 
feet of pine, spruce, hemlock and hardwood, deak, scantling, etc., are annually 
shipped from the different ports in the Province to the West Indies, United States, 
Europe, etc. We also supply the ports of ^lassachusets with thousands of cords 
of firewood. Oak, elm, maple, beech, birch, ash, larch, poplar, spruce, pine, 
hemlock, etc., all grow to a large size. There are many other kinds of trees, 
bnt they are chiefly ornamental rather Uian useful. " 



52 

' ' The sap of the rock maple tree is manufactured into sugar and syrup. The 
former, of which some tons weight are annually made and sold, is used chiefly as 
confectionery ; the latter is used as treacle. Both have a delicious flavor." 

" In our forests may also be found numerous small trees and shrubs, which 
-are valuable for medicinal and other purposes, among which are wild cherry, sumac, 
rowan, s'arsaparilla, elder, alder, hazel, bay, etc. Wild flowers are in great pro- 
fusion. The trailing arbutus, our little May flower, which blooms in April and 
May, cannot be surpassed in delicate beauty and fragrance." 



" Nova Scotia is a sort of sportsman's paradise, as there is excellent hunting, 
;shooting and fishing in every county. Of wild animals we have bears, foxes, 
moose, deer, (cariboo), otter, mink, sable, musquash, hares, raccoons and squirrels ; 
and of feathered game, woodcock, snipe, plover, partridges, geese, ducks, brant, 
curlew, etc. Our game laws are simple. They are made only to protect game 
when out of season. This is necessary in order to preserve it from total destruc- 
tion." 

" In the proper season, all persons are allowed to hunt and shoot ad libittim. 
No true sportsman would do so at any other time." 

MINES AND MINERALS. 

" The Province contains very valuable mines of coal, gold and iron, which 
.are worked by private companies ; of these the coal mines are the most import- 
.ant." 

" Of gold mines we have in fourteen districts about fifty-eight mines in 
working order : of these the Montague mines are the most prolific. " 

" Although we have iron ore in inexhaustible quantity almost all over the 
Province, we have but one iron mine in operation, namely that of the Acadia 
Company, at Londonderry, in Colchester County. The quality of the iron of 
their mines may be judged of by the price in the English market as compared 
with English iron. The latter, in pigs, is worth an average of ^^4 stg. per ton, 
while Nova Scotia iron brings £"]. English bar iron is worth ^9, Nova Scotia 
;i^i6 per ton. There is but one Swedish iron which is considered superior for 
steel. All Nova .Scotia bar iron is used for this purpose. " 

"In addition to coal, gold and iron, we have silver, copper, lead, zinc, tin, 
manganese, mercury, plumbago, sulphur, etc." 

" Of minerals for jewellery and ornamental purposes, several kinds have been 
found, namely: Opal, topaz, amethyst, garnet, cairngorm, agate, jasper, heliotrope 
.and chalcedony." 

■^ Building Stone. — The Province abounds in superior granite, free-stone (or 
:sand stone), of several colors, iron stone and flag stone. There are many beauti- 
ful varieties of syenite and green stone, also of marble. There is a mountain al- 
most entirely composed of the latter in the neighborhood of Bras d'Or Lake, in 
ithe Island of Cape Breton. We have also abundance of gypsum, limestone, 
barytes, clays for pottery and for common purposes ; moulding sand, mineral 
, paints, etc.". 

" Mineral Waters, — Of these we have salt springs in several counties." 

CRO\V.\ LANDS. 

" There are now in Nova Scotia nearly four liiillions of acres of ungranted 
lands, a considerable quantity of which is barren and almost totally unfit for 

' cultivation ; but there is a great deal in blocks of from five thousand to ten 
thousand acres of really valuable land, and some of it the best in the Province, 
and quite accessible, being very near present settlements. The price of crown 

'lands is #44 (;i^8 i6s. stg.) per loo acres. No distinction is made in the price 
between loo acres and smaller lots, as the difference in cost of survey is very 
trifling. An emigrant would have to pay as much for twenty acres as for ont- 
hundred acres. Any quantity over one hundred acres must be paid for at thc 
rate of 44 cts. per acre. The cost of survey is defrayed by the Government." 



58 

Mr. Crosskill's pamphlet goes on to state that the Government of Nova 
Scotia does not generally recommend fresh European emigrants to go into the 
forest and attempt to clear themselves farms there, on the ground of want of suit- 
ability for this kind of life. He shows, however, that there are some special cir- 
cumstances in which they might do well. For further remarks on this point we 
refer to this pamphlet. 

He states : " There are plenty of farms already under cultivation which may 
be bought at very reasonable rates, and any practical farmer, with a small 
capital, may at once possess a good and comfortable home ; and by energy, in- 
dustry, and enterprise may make for himself a fortune and a position in Nova 
Scotia, in a very few years, such as he could not obtain in a life time in Great 
Britain. 

EDUCATION. 

" While education is not compulsory, free schools are provided by the Gov- 
ernment, and efficient teachers are maintained in every district in the Province 
where there are children to educate. There is a Provincial Normal School for 
the training of teachers. There are also academies, colleges and common schools. 
The academies and common schools are under the .control of the Government, 
but the colleges are sectarian. We have nearly sixteen hundred public schools in 
operation in the Province, having nearly one hundred thousand pupils in daily 
attendance. There are also many private schools in different parts of the country, 
and among them some excellent boarding schools for young ladies." 

•'Owing to our excellent system of free schools, the poorer classes of our 
population are rapidly improving in education, and a steady increase of general 
knowledge is being made manifest yearly among those whose parents were, a few 
years ago, too poor to pay the expense of educating their children, or too care- 
less and indifferent in the matter. Now the child of the poorest individual is 
placed on a level with the rich man's son in respect to general or common school 
education ; and the wealthy classes who require for their sons a classical educa- 
tion, have every facility afforded them in the numerous colleges, where young 
men may be fitted for any profession, occupation or station in life." 

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 

" The trade and commerce of the Province have wonderfully increased within 
a few years. Twenty years ago our exports and imports were very little more 
than half as much as they are now. Our imports from foreign countries and the 
other Provinces amount to about $12,000,000, and our exports to about $9,000,- 
000." 

" Our shipping has, in the same time, doubled in number and tonnage. 
Nova Scotia owns more shipping in proportion to the population than any other 
country." 

INTERNAL COMMUNICATION. 

" We have now nearly 250 miles of railroad already in operation. Se veral 
new lines are now being surveyed. Where there ore no railroads there is gCKid 
conveyance by stage coaches, or by steamboats. 

THE TIME TO IMMIGKATH. 

" The best season in the year to come to Nova Scotia is early in April, as wt 
have then nne spring weather, and farming operations may be commenced almost 
mmediately on arrival in this country. Mechanics may, however, come at any 
season ; but I think it would hardly be advisable to come out here in the middle 
«/ winter. 

HALIFAX HARBOUR. 

" The harbour of Halifax is one of the best, perhaps the very best in the 
world. It lis six miles long by, on an average, a mile wide ; the waiter is very 
bold and capable of floating alongside the \»harve* vessels of the largest size.* 



54 

There is excellent anchorage in every part of il, with room for all the navies of 
the world. The city and harbour of Halifax* are protected by eleven different 
fortifications. 

PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 

This Province was the last to enter the Confederation of the Dominion of 
Canada, which it did in 1873. It is the smallest of the Canadian Provinces, but 
it possesses many features of great interest and also of special advantage to the 
settler. It is situated on the south side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between 
New Brunswick and Cape Breton, being separated from them by the Northum- 
berland Strait, which is from nine to thirty miles wide. The Island is 130 miles 
iong from east to west, by about 34 miles wide, with an area of 2,133 square 
miles. 

The Island is generally very rich in agricultural resources. The surface is 
undulating, and presents a charming aspect of hill and dale. It is well watered, 
with numerous springs and rivers. There are numerous bays around the coast, 
two of which nearly divide the island into three parts. It has numerous harbours. 

Its chief industries are agriculture, fishing and .shipbuilding. It is parti- 
cularly famous for its oysters, some of the finest varieties in the world being, 
dredged in its waters. 

The soil is generally very rich, and particularly favourable for the growth of 
the grasses. The Hon. J. C. Pope, late Minister of Marine and Fisheries, stated 
in his evidence before the Immigration Committee in 1879, that the Island con- 
tained deposits of mussel mud in the rivers, which is used by the farmers as a 
manure. He stated that this mud was obtained by a dredging machine worked 
by horse power on the ice over the beds of nearly all the rivers where there are 
oyster and mussel deposits. He added that these deposits are from ten to thirty 
feet deep, composed of oysters, mussels, decayed fish and sea-weed. This 
material is put upon the land as a fertilizer, where it "tells at once," and acts 
iike a charm, the shells as they decompose also enriching the land. Large crops 
of hay are obtained where this fertilizer is used. 

The conditions are favourable for the keeping of cattle, sheep and horses on 
the Island, and there is a considerable export of these animals to other parts of 
Canada and the New England States. 

The climate is temperate and healthy, and the Island is said to be one of the 
most pleasant places to live in on the Continent. Improved farms can be bought 
there, according to the testimony of Mr. Pope, for about ?20 (^^4 stg.) per acre. 

There is one railway on the Island, the property of the Dominion Govern* 
ment, by which it is worked, 198^ miles long. There is also a submarine 
telegraph between the Island and New Brunswick. Steamers ply between the 
ports of the Island and those of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the United 
States. The navigation is, however, interrupted during part of the winter by 
accumulations of ice in the Straits. 

Charlottetown is the chief city of the Island, having a population of 11,500 
inhabitants. The people of the Island are generally very prosperous and well to 
do ; the total population by the census of 1881 was 108,891. 

PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. 

GENERAL FEATURES. 

The Province of Manitoba is situated in the very centre of the Continent, 
being midway between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on the East and West, 
and the Arctic Ocear. and Gulf of Mexico on the North and South. 

The southern frontier of Manitoba is a little to the south of Paris, and the 
line being continued would pass through the south of Germany. Manitoba has 
the same summer suns as that favoured portion of Europe. The contiguous ter- 
ritoryi including the great Saskatchewan and Peace River Regions, is the equiva- 
lent of both the Empires of Russia and Germany on the Continent of Europe. • 



55 

Lord Dufferin, on the occasion of his visit in 1877, said in a speech at 
Winnipeg, when the Province was beginning to be settled: — " Manitoba may be 
" regarded as the keystone of that mighty arch of sister Provinces which spans 
"the Continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific." And further, that " Canada, 
" the owner of half a Continent, in the magnitude other possessions, in the wealth 
" of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, is peer of any power on; 
" the earth." 

The British subject, or the in-comer from Europe, or other parts of the globe, 
will therefore have the satisfaction of feeling that in settling in the Canadian 
North-West he takes an individual part in building a great nation of the future. 

The settler in Manitoba will find schools, colleges, churches, and a kindred 
society. The social conditions where settlement has taken place leave nothing te 
be desired. Civilized society in the new world starts in its infancy from the point 
of the acquired knowledge of the old. 

CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 

The climate of Manitoba is warm in summer and cold in winter. The sum- 
mer mean is 67° 76°, which is about the same as that of the State of New York. 
But in winter the thermometer sinks to 30° and 40° and sometimes 50° below zero. 
The atmosphere, however, is very bright and dry, and the sensation of cold is 
not so unpleasant as that of a temperature at the freezing point in a humid 
atmosphere. Warm clothing, especially in driving, and warm houses are, how- 
ever, required : that is, houses built to resist the cold. 

The climate of the territory contiguous to Manitoba is of the same character, 
the isothermal line running from Winnipeg nearly due N.W. 

Manitoba and the North-West Territory of Canada are among the absolutely 
healthiest countries on the globe and most pleasant to live in. There is no 
malaria, and there are no diseases arising out of, or particular to, either the 
Province or the climate. 

The climatic drawbacks are occasional storms and "blizzards,"' and there are 
sometimes summer frosts. But the liability to these is not greater than in many 
parts of Canada or the United States as far South as New York. 

Very little snow falls on the prairies, the average depth being about eighteen 
inches, and buffaloes and the native horses graze out of doors all winter. In the 
unusual winter of 1879-80, the snow-fall was deeper, but such was the case over 
all the continent. 

The snow goes away .and ploughing begins from the ist to the latter end ot 
April, a fortnight earlier than in the Ottawa region. The Red River opens at 
about the same time, or a fortnight earlier than the opening of the Ottawa. The 
summer months are part of May, June, July, August and September. Autumu 
lasts until November, when the regular frost sets in. The harvest takes place 
in August. 

The soil is a rich, deep, black, argillaceous mould or loam, resting on a deep 
and very tenacious clay subsoil. It is among the richest, if not the richest, soil 
in the world, and especially adapted to the growth of wheat. Analyses by chem- 
ists in Scotland and Germany have established this. One or two of these are 
given in the Appendix to this Guide Book. 

The soil is so rich that it does not require the addition of manure for years 
after the first breaking of the prairie, and in particular places where the black 
loam is very deep, it is practically inexhaustible. This great richness of the 
prairie soil has arisen from the gathering of droppings from birds and animals 
and ashes of prairie fires, which have accumulated for ages, together with decayed 
vegetable and animal matter, the whole resting on a very retentive clay subsoil. 
It is to the profusion of this stored up wealth in the soil, that the agriculturist 
from older countries is invited. 

All the cereals grow and ripen in great abundance. Wheat is especially 
adapted both to the soil and climate. The wheat grown is verj' he.avy, being from 
62 to 66 lbs. per bushel ; the average yield, with fair farming, being 25 bushels 
to the acre. There are much larger yields reported, but there are also smaller, 
the latter being due to defective farming. 



56 

Potatoes and all kinds of field and garden roots grow to large sire and in 
great abundance. The same remark applies to cabbages and other garden vege- 
tables. Tomatoes and melons ripen in the open air. Hops and flax are at home 
on the prairies. All the small fruits, such as currants, strawberries, '.raspberries, 
etc., are found in abundance. But itisnotyet established that the country is adapted 
for the apple or pear. These fruits, however, do grow at St. Paul ; and many 
think they will in Manitoba. 

For grazing and cattle raising the facilities are unbounded. The prairie 
grasses are nutritious and in illimitable abundance. Hay is cheaply and easily 
made. 

Trees are found along the rivers and streams, and they will grow anywhere 
very rapidly, if protected from prairie fires. Wood for fuel has not been very ex- 
pensive, and preparations are now being made for bringing coal inio market ; of 
which important mineral there are vast beds further west, which will immediately 
be brought into use. The whole of the vast territory from the boundary to the 
Peace River, about 200 miles wide from the Rocky Mountains, is a coal field. 

Water is found by digging wells of moderate . depth on the prairie. The 
rivers and coolies are also available for water supply. Rain generally falls freely 
during the spring, while the summer and autumn are generally dry. 

The drawbacks to production are occasional visitations of grasshoppers, but 
Senator Sutherland testified before a Parliamentary Committee that he had known 
immunity from them for 40 years. This evil is not much feared ; but still it 
might come. 

There is reason to believe, however, that if it should come after the country 
has become thickly populated, it might be met, and in a large measure overcome, 
as has been proved by an experiment in the neighbouring State of Minnesota. 

YIELDS OF THE GRAINS. 

The Canada Pacific Railway Company caused their officers and station- 
masters in the autumn of 1882 to get a return of productions by means of ques- 
tions put to farmers. The result of these returns tabulated, showed that the 
information obtained at eighty-eight points gave an aggregate of 182,250 acres 
sown in wheat, yielding a total of 4,974,200 bushels, or an average of 27 bushels 
of wheat to the acre. Some of the returns gave the average at 40 bushels; others 
over 30 bushels, with many less averages, the larger or smaller yield being depen- 
dent on good farming. 

These returns further showed from answers from the same eighty-eight 
points that there was an aggregate of 126,750 acres sown in oats, yielding a total 
amount of 6,614,500 bushels, or an average of 52 bushels of oats, to the acre. 
Some of the returns gave an average of as high as 80 bushels, while others made 
returns of as low as 35 and 40 bushels ; the yield of this grain, the same as 
wheat, being dependent on the kind of farming. 

And fiirther, with respect to barley, a cultivation of 33,990 acres gave aa 
aggregate return of 1,091,400 bushels of barley; or an average of 32 bushels to 
the acre. Some of the returns gave an average of 50, others of 40 bushels, while 
some were down as low as 20 bushels; the return of this grain, the same as others, 
being dependent on good farming. 

COMMUNICATIONS AND MARKETS. 

Manitoba has already communication by railway with the Atlantic seaboard 
and all parts of the Continent ; that is to say, a railway train may start from 
Halifax or Quebec after connection with the ocean steamship and run continuously 
on to Winnipeg. It can do the same from New York, Boston or Portland, and 
further, the Canadian Pacific Railway, as elsewhere stated, is now completed 660 
miles West of Winnipeg ; and will reach the Rocky Mountains before the close 
of the summer season of 1883. The branch from Thunder Bay on Lake Superior 
to Winnipeg, a distance of over 400 miles, is already completed. Other rail- 
ways are chartered, and it is believed will soon be 'constructed. A portion of 
the Manitoba and South-Western has already been opened. 



57 

The section of the Pacific Railway now opened to Thunder Bay will place 
the cereals and other produce of Manitoba in connection with Lake Superior, 
whence it can be cheaply floated down the great water system of the St. Lawrence 
and Lakes to the ocean steamships in the ports of Montreal and Quebec, while 
the railway system affords connection as well with the markets of the older Pro- 
vinces as with those of the United States. 

The Canadian Pacific Railway, as elsewhere stated in this Guide Book will 
further be immediately and continuously pushed to rapid completion to the Pacific 
Ocean. It will be by far the shortest line, with the easiest gradients, and the 
fewest and easiest curves, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and will con- 
stitute the shortest and the best line for travel and commerce between Great 
Britain and China and Japan. This line of railway, passing through the fertile 
instead of the desert, portion of the Continent of America, will constitute one of 
the most important of the highways of the w^orld. 

The river system of Manitoba and the l!i"orth-West is a striking feature of 
the country. A steamer can leave Winnipeg and proceed via the Saskatchewan 
to Edmonton, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 1,500 miles ; 
and steamers are now plying for a distance of more than 320 miles on the Assini- 
boine, an affluent of the Red River, which it joins at the city of Winnipeg. 

The Red River is navigable for steamers from Moorhead, in the United 
States, where it is crossed by the Northern Pacific Railway to Lake Winnipeg, a 
distance of over 400 miles. Lake Winnipeg is about 280 miles in length, afford- 
ing an important navigation. The Saskatchewan, which takes its rise in the 
Rocky Mountains, enters this lake at the northern end, and has a steamboat 
navigation as far as Fort Edmonton, affording vast commercial facilities for those 
great areas of fertile lands. 

The water system between Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg may be 
improved and rendered navigable at moderate cost compared with the great com- 
mercial interests which will, in the near future, call for it. 

At present a vessel may load at the railway terminus at Thunder Bay and 
proceed all the way to Liverpool across the Atlantic Ocean. But the system of 
transport at present is by means of lake and river steamboats and tug propellers 
with " tows." 

With the present arrangements wheat has been conveyed from Manitoba to 
Montreal for 30 cents a bushel, whence it can be taken by ocean vessel to Liver- 
pool for 10 or 15 cents more. It is calculated that this wheat can be raised with 
profit for 50 cents a bushel, thus making a possibility of delivering wheat in 
Liverpool under 85 cents (?. e. about 3s. 6d. stg.) per bushel, or 28s. per quarter. 
Charges and handling may bring it over this price, but the two naked elements of 
growth and transport are within the figures named. 

It is believed that cattle may be raised on the vast grass areas of the North- 
West and be taken to the eastern markets with profit. Enterprise of this nature 
has been already set on foot at the extensive ranches near the foot of the Rocky 
Mountains. 

Apart from the magnificent commercial facilities which a settler in Manitoba 
and the North-West will possess for disposing of his surplus products, there will 
be a splendid home market for some years to come for all that a farmer can raise, 
in supplying the numerous in-comers and the very large number of men and cattle 
required in the construction of the Pacific Railway. 

SYSTE.VI OF SURVEY AND DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING UP FARMS. 

The system of survey or of laying out the land in Manitoba is most simple. 
Every township is about si.x miles square, and is divided into sections of one mile 
square (or 640 acres) each, more or less, the scarcely appreciable difference from 
this exact area being the result of the convergence or divergence of the meridians 
forming the eastern and western boundaries, as the township is north or south of 
one of the standard base lines of survey. These sections are again subdivided 
into half sections of 320 acres and quarter sections of 160 acres, and further into 
half quarters, which terms are legal or statutory definitions of the divisions and 



.58 

subdivisions of land in Manitoba and the North- West Territories of the Dominion. 

The Townships are laid out upon certain "base lines," about twenty-four 
miles apart, running east and west, to the depth of two townships, both to the 
north and to the south, upon each. The lines upon which adjacent townships, 
surveyed from different base lines abut, are termed "correction lines," and upon 
these all discrepancies of survey are adjusted. 

The townships are arranged in tiers running from south to north, and start- 
ir^ from the southern frontier, which is the International boundary line. These 
tiers are marked on the map with ordinary numerals, thus, I, 2. 3, etc. Town- 
ship I being on the international boundary or province frontier, which is "the first 
base line;" Township 2 would be six miles further north ; Township 3 again six 
miles north, etc. 

The townships are further numbered in what are called "ranges" east and 
west, from lines called "principal meridians." These numbers are marked on 
the map in Roman characters, thus : I, II, III, IV, etc. 

The first Principal Meridian starts from a point on the International boundary 
line about eleven miles west of Emerson. The west "ranges" run in regular num- 
bers to the left or west of that meridian ; and the east "ranges" to the right or east 
of that meridian. Thus, Township 3, range III, West, would be three townships 
north of the boundary line, and three townships west of the principal meridian ; 
or, Township 3, range III, east, would be in the same way, three townships north 
to the east of the principal meridian. Anyone with this simple direction could 
put his finger on any township in Manitoba, or any other part of the North- West 
Territory, of which the number north of the International boundary or first base 
line might be given, with the number of the range or tier of townships East or 
West of the first or any of the principal meridians on the map. Any section of 
a township can be found by its number on the diagram of the map ; and the 
leader by looking at this and seeing the way in which the numbers run, can in- 
stantly put his finger on any section of any township marked on the map. The 
boundaries of these sections being all laid out on the cardinal points of the com- 
pass, East, West, North and South, the section is divided into East half, and West 
half, or North half and South half; whichever way the dividing line is run. 
These half-sections are again divided. into quarter sections; such as, north-east 
quarter, north-west quarter, south-east quarter, south-west quarter ; these quarters 
may again be divided in the same way ; and these terms, as before stated, are 
legal or statutory definitions of land in Manitoba and the North-West Territory. 

Under this very simple, but scientific method of arrangement, any Township, 
or Section, or subdivision of a Section, can be instantly and unerringly described. 
A transfer or conveyance of property may likewise be made by deed in as few 
words as any ordinary Bill of Parcels, and that with perfect accuracy and absolute- 
ness of definition. 

The settler from the United Kingdom will at first find the nomenclature of 
this system of survey a little new and strange ; but he will, on slight acquaintance 
with it, become charmed with its simplicity. 

The surveyed lines are marked on the ground itself by iron and other kinds 
of monuments and posts at the corners of the divisions and subdivisions ; and, so 
soon as the settler makes himself acquainted with these, he will instantly under- 
stand the position' and extent of his own farm on the prairie, or of any other in the 
country. Or, when travelling in any part of the country, these posts will tell 
him at a glance exactly where he is, so that he cannot get lost in any surveyed 
district. 

Distances on the Map, in miles, may be ascertained approximately by count- 
ing the Townships to be passed over and multiplying the number by six. The 
unit of the surveys is the statute mile or section of 640 acres, all the townships 
being made six statute miles or sections square, as nearly as it is possible to make 
a series of squares on the face of a globe. 

FREE GRANTS AND PRE-EMPTIONS. 

A settler may obtain a grant of 160 acres of land free, on even numbered sta- 



59 

tions. on condition of three years' residence and cultivation, and payment of an 
office-fee amounting to $io(£2stg. ) ; and he nr.ay obtain the adjoining portions of 
sections by " pre-emption " or otherwise, at the rate of $2.00 (8s. stg. ), or $2.50 
(los. stg.), per acre. 

All intending settlers should take notice that they are entitled to enter at the 
nearest Government Lands Office for a free grant of a quarter section in any even- 
numbered unoccupied land in Manitoba or the North- West ; whether or not such 
even-numbered section is near a railway, or comes within the reserves of any of the 

Col»nization Companies. 

I 

DIRECTIONS kKSJ'ECriNO L.\NI)S. 

A settler should obtain from the Local Dominion Lands Agent general infor- 
mation as to lands open for settlement. The marks on the Map show certain 
lands taken up, and therefore not available for settlement. Of course, other lands 
may have been taken up since those marked taken on the Map. Exact informa- 
tion can, therefore, only be obtained at the Local Land Offices, which are shown 
on the Map. 

All even-numbered sections (e.xcepl 8 and three-quarters of 26, whicli are 
Hudson's Bay Company's Lands) are open for entry as free homesteads or as pre- 
emptions, unless already taken up by settlers. 

OM- numbered secUona (with the exception of 11 and 29, which are School 
Lands) for 24 miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway, may be 
generally stated to be Railway Lands, purchasable from the Company, and not 
open for homestead and pre-emption. There are also other Railway Lands, 
which have been appropriated in aid of similar undertakings. (See Official Land 
Regulations in the Appendix to this Guide Book.) Beyond the limits of the land 
granted to such enterprises odd-numbered sections may, if surveyed, be purchased 
direct from the Government, on terms stated in the Regulations referred to. 

WHAT CAPITAL TO BEGIN WITH. 

A settler in Manitoba may commence on comparatively small capital ; that 
is, enough to build one of the inexpensive houses of the country, to buy a yoke of 
oxen and a plough, his seed grain, and sufficient provisions to enable him to live 
for one year, or until his first crop comes in. With a little endurance at first, 
from this point he may attain to a position of plenty .\nd independence. 

On the other hand, a settler may take with him to Manitoba or the North- 
West Territories considerable capital, and invest it in large farming operations, 
either in wheat growing or stock raising, both of which he will probably find very 
profitable. 

The settler requires either a team ot horses or yoke of oxen, a waggon or a 
cart, a plough and harrow, chains, axes, shovels, stoves, bedsteads, etc., which 
he can obtain for about !&3oo, or ;i^6o* stg. A primitive house and stable may be 
built for ^^30 more. The cost of necessarj- provisions for a family would be from 
;{^l8 to ;^20. The cost of these several items may vary with circumstances, either 
being more or less ; but a settler who goes on his farm sufticiently early to plant 
potatoes and other crops may live at very little cost. 

Or the sum of ;^i 25 stg., which is in round numbers about 600 dollars of 
Canadian currency, would enable a farmer to begin on a moderate scale of com- 
fort. That sum would be divided, perhaps, in some cases, as follows : — - 

One yoke of oxen, $120.00 ; one waggon, $80,00 ; plough and harrow, $25.00 ; 
chains, axes, shovels, &c., $30.00; stoves, bedsteads, &c., $60.00; house and 
stable S150.00; provisions, I135.00. In all §600.00. 

Of course, a capital of ^200 (or $i,ooo) would enable a farmer to start in 
better style and with more comfort; but many have started with much less, and 
are now well off. For instance, the Red River cart, which costs from fifteen to 



Note. — The £1 sterling is set down in round figures at S5 lor convenience, which is 
sufficient!;' exact for the purpose of this paper. 



60 

twenty dollars, and one ox, might do all the teaming required on a small farm tc 
begin with, and after the first "breaking" one ox could do all the ploughing 
required for a family. 

The German Mennonite settlers who came to Canada from Southern Russia 
a few years ago — that is, the poorer families of them —started with very much 
less; and they are to-day very prosperous, and raise large crops of grain, besides 
growing flax, of which they export the seed. • They are also well supplied with 
live stock. 

The Mennonite outfit of one family, averaging five persons, consisted of one 
yoke of oxen, one cow, one plough, one waggon, and one cooking stove — the 
whole obtained at a cost of $270.00, or £^4. This comprised the outfit of one 
family, and in the case of the poorer, two families clubbed together to use one 
outfit. The cost of provisions for subsistence of one family for a year was $93 
{£1^ 15)) the provisions consisting almost wholly of flour, pork, and beans. No 
money was expended on the buildings in which they first lived. These consisted 
for the first year of brush, laid sloping on poles and covered with earth. This 
fact is stated to show from how small a beginning a settler may successfully start 
and attain plenty; but, seeing that the log or frame house of the country can be 
built at so moderate a cost, probably few settlers from the United Kingdom would 
be willing to do as the Mennonites did. Many a man will, however, make a 
hard struggle for independence, and find both his labour and his hardships sweet- 
ened by the consciousness of the daily steps he is taking towards that end. It 
may further be mentioned that, for some years to come, there will be railways and 
public works in progress, on which the poorer settlers may work for a part of the 
time at good wages, and so obtain means to tide over the first difficulties of a 
settler's life with more comfort. The settler is held to have " continuously" 
resided on his homestead, if not absent more than six months in any one year. 

HINTS FOR SETTLERS IN MANITOBA. 

The settler from older countries should be careful to adapt himself to those 
methods which experience of the country has proved to be wise, rather than try 
to employ in a new country those practices to which he has been accustomed at 
home. 

For instance, with respect to ploughing, or, as it is called, "breaking" the 
prairie, the method in Manitoba is quite different from that in the old country. 
The prairie is covered with a rank vegetable growth, and the question is how to 
subdue this, and so make the land available for farming purposes. Experience 
has proved that the best way is to plough not deeper than two inches, and turn 
over a furrow from twelve to sixteen inches wide. 

It is especially desirable for the farmer who enters early in the spring to put 
in a crop of oats on the first " breaking." It is found by experience that the sod 
pulverizes and decomposes under the influence of a growing crop quite as effec- 
tually, if not more so, than when simply turned and left by itself for that purpose. 
There are also fewer weeds, which is of very great importance, as it frequently 
happens that the weeds which grow soon after breaking are as difficult to subdue 
as the sod itself. Large crops of oats are obtained from sowing on the first break- 
ing, and thus not only is the cost defrayed, but there is a profit. It is also of 
great importance to a settler with limited means to get this crop the first year. 
One mode of this kind of planting is to scatter the oats on the grass, and then 
turn a thin sod over them. The grain thus buried quickly finds its way through, 
and in a few weeks the sod is perfectly rotten. Mr, Daley, near Bigstone City, 
in the vicinity of Bigstone Lake, sowed ten acres of oats in this way. He put 
two bushels and a peck to an acre. In the fall he harvested 426 bushels of oats, 
which he found to be worth enough to pay for the " breaking " and give him §75 
besides. This is a practical, reported experience. There is also testimony from 
other farmers to similar effect. Flax is a good crop to put in on the first 
breaking. It yields well, pays well, and rapidly subdues the turned sod. 

The settler should plant potatoes the first year for his family use, and do 
other little things of that kind, Potatoes maybe put in as late a^ June the 20th. 



61 

All that is required is to turn over a furrow, put the potatoes on the ground, and 
then turn another furrow to cover them, the face of the grass being placed directly 
on the seed. No hoeing or further cultivation is required except to cut off any 
weeds that may grow. Very heavy crops of fine potatoes have been grown iti 
this way. 

Before the prairie is broken the sod is very tough, and requires great force to 
break it ; but after it has once been turned the subsequent ploughings are very 
easy from the friability of the soil, and gang ploughs may easily be used. 

On account of the great force required to break the prairie in the first instance, 
there are many who prefer oxen to horses ; and there is also a liability of horses 
becoming sick in Manitoba when first taken there from the older parts of the 
continent, until they become accustomed to the new feed and the country, especially 
if they are worked hard. 

It is for this reason that oxen, which are not liable to the same casualties as 
horses, are better suited for breaking the prairie. A pair of oxen will break an 
acre and a half a day, with very little or no expense at all for feed. Mules have 
been found to do very well, and they are considered well adapted for prairie work. 
On the larger farms steam is beginning to be used. 

WHAT TO TAKE TO MANITOBA. 

The settler in going to Manitoba from the old country should be cautioned 
against burdening himself with very heavy luggage. The weight which he is 
allowed to carry without paying extra on an ordinary emigrant ticket is 150 lbs. 
Freight charges for luggage over this weight are high. Tools and implements, 
stoves, tables or bedsteads, or heavy, clumsy things of that description can be 
bought in Manitoba more cheaply than they can be carried. Tools and imple- 
ments specially .adapted to the country can be purchased cheaply in Manitoba ; 
but artisans or mechanics having special tools for their handicrafts will, of course, 
take them with them. The exception to this general direction is that parties may 
sometimes hire a car for their effects, and thus take their whole stock and furniture 
with them more cheaply than they can be replaced ; but the adaptation of any 
implement to Manitoba should be well ascertained before it is taken. All clothing, 
also bedclothing, and cases or covers of beds, should be taken to be filled after 
arriving in Manitoba. 

ROUTES AND WHEN TO GO. 

The intending settler from the United Kingdom or the Continent of Europe 
may buy a ticket direct to Winnipeg or almost any part of Manitoba at the offices 
of the steamship lines. He may go to Quebec and thence by way of the Great 
Lakes to Thunder Bay, where he will take the Railway to Winnipeg. This line 
is the shortest, and wholly within Canadian territory ; and the settler who takes 
this route is free from the inconvenience of all Customs examinations required on 
entering United States Territory, or again on entering Manitoba from the'United 
States; or he may take the all rail route from Quebec via Chicago and St. Paul 
to Winnipeg. The distance by this route is longer, but it is continuous, and there 
is very little difference in point of time, now that the Railway is open from 
Thunder Bay. 

The route by the Lakes is $5 00 (or £\ stg.) cheaper than that by the all rail 
route. 

The ordinary steerage passage from Liverpool to Quebec is ;^6 6s. stg., but 
in cases where it is an object for the emigrant to have an assisted passage this is 
afforded by an arrangement between the Government of Canada and Steamship 
Companies whose lines ply to Canadian ports. Application should be made to 
agents of the Government, and, in some cases, to steamship agents for particulars 
of the assisted passage arrangement. This, in the case of an agricultural labourer's 
family, reduces the rate of ^6 6s. stg. to ^3 stg. per adult for the ocean voyage, 
and for female domestic servants in certain cases to £7. ids. 

The fare from Quebec to Winnipeg at the present time by the all rail route 
is $30.50 (;^6 2s. stg.), and by the mixed route of rail and Lakes, £,\ less. In 
the case of emigrants having assisted ocean tickets, and bringing orders on the 



62 

Government agent of Quebec, they can obtain an assisted rate from Quebec to 
Winnipeg of $21.64 (about £4 6s. 6d. stg.) by the all rail route ; or by the mixed 
rail and lake route, for §16,64 (£3 6d. 6s, stg.) These rates may be liable to be 
altered. The figures for 1882 are here given, and they will probably apply to 
1883 ; but the intending settler may obtain information of any alterations from 
any of the government agents in the United Kingdom, or from the steamship 
agents. 

Very favourable ratiss will be afforded for immigrants' and settlers' effects via 
the Canadian Pacific Railway from Prince Arthur's Landing, Thunder Bay. They 
will be taken by the car-load, containing a weight of 20,000 lbs., for a distance 
of 1,000 miles for $90 (;^i8 9s. lojd. stg.). Any less weight will be taken in the 
same proportion. These cheap rates of freight from the head of Lake navigation 
will be found to be of great advantage to immigrants. 

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LANDS. 

In view of the fact that the Canadian Pacific Railway Company have obtained 
from the Government of Canada a grant of 25,000,000 acres of land to assist in 
the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, it becomes important for the settler 
to understand the terms on which they offer their lands for sale. 

As already stated, the odd-numbered sections of townships (with the excep- 
tion of II and 29, which are School Lands) for twenty-four miles on each side of 
the railway may generally be stated to be Railway Lands. The Company will 
have lands apportioned to them in other portions of the North -West, which will 
he made known from time to time. Under their advertised regulations they offer 
their land at $2.50 (los. stg.) an acre and upwards, with conAiiions requiring 
cultivaticm. Lands will also be sold by the Company without conditions of cul- 
tivation. The purchaser, by paying cash, may get a deed of conveyance at the 
time of purchase ; or he may pay one-sixth in cash, and the balance in five annual 
instalments, with interest at 6 per cent. Or payment may be made in Land Grant 
Bonds, which will be accepted at ten per cent, premium on their par value and 
accrued interest. 

This Company has a system of rebates in favour of the settler, in all cases of 
land bought on conditions of cultivation. This rebate is from $1.25 to $3.50 
(5s. to 14s. stg.) per acre. See Land Regulations of this Company in the Appen- 
dix to this Guide Book. 

It follows from these regulations that if a settler buys land from this Com- 
pany at $2.50 (los. stg.) per acre, and gets a rebate of 81.25 (5s. stg.) per acre, 
he is in exactly the same position in the case of a purchase of a half section, as if 
he obtained a free grant from the Government of 160 acres, and paid for the other 
quarter section a pre-emption rate of #2.50 (los. stg.) per acre. 

These prices, the intending settler should understand, are very cheap. The 
lands so sold by the Company are probably worth $10.00 or S20.00 {£2 or £\ 
stg. )per acre, and more in many cases. But the interest of the Company is less to 
sell at high prices, land which might be held for speculation, than to attract set- 
tlers ; who, by affording passenger traffic and freight from the produce of their 
cultivated farms, are very much more important for the Company than simply 
high prices for lands in the absence of settlement. The great interest of the Com- 
pany is to obtain settlers, and to content them by affording them every possible 
facility. 

It will appear from a comparison of the conditions of the Pacific Railway 
Company with the Dominion Land Regulations, that if a family of four adults 
desire to settle together they may obtain a really large estate on very moderate 
terms. For instance, each of the four members of the family may settle on the 
four free homesteads, of 160 acres each, in any even-numbered unoccupied sec- 
tion. Each may then purchase another 160 acres at $2.50 (los. stg.) per acre 
from the Pacific Railway Co. in the adjoining odd-numbered sections. The set- 
tlers, while building on the homesteads and making cultivation thereon, wouldbe 
able within the time mentioned, also to cultivate the whole or the greater part of 
the Pacific Railway lands. The office fee for entering Government Homesteads 



63 

is $lo (j^2 stg,)- A^family of four could, in this way, in four years obtain a large 
estate of 1,280 acres of probably the richest wheat growing land in the world at a 
merely nominal price, and thus secure a position not only of comparative, but of 
substantial wealth. Farmers with sons can with great advantage avail themselves 
of these conditions, and have the advantages of neighborhood in settling together. 

In cases where it is an object for families with means to take up and farm 
more extensive tracts of land, the regulations would also admit of this. For in- 
stance, two brothers might take up as free homesteads two quarter sections, 
of any Government Lands and pre-empt the other two quarter sections thus 
obtaining a whole section (.or 640 acres) for their homesteads and pre-emptions. 
They could then purchase the whole of each of the four adjoining odd-numbered 
sections of Railway lands, and thus obtain between them a large estate of 3,200 
acres. By cultivating the odd sections and getting the rebate, this estate could 
be purchased on exceedingly moderate terms. The actual settler for some years 
to come will have large tracts of land to choose from. The arrangement we have 
indicated is especially desirable for settlers from England with means. 

The land policy of the Government of Canada, combined with the advan- 
tages offered by the Pacific Railway Company, is the most liberal of any on the 
Continent of North America. 

Hudson's bay company's lands. 

Section No. 8 and three quarters of Section No. 26 in the greater number of 
Townships* are Hudson's Bay Company's lands, and all settlers must be careful 
not to enter upon them unless they have acquired them from the Company. The 
prices vary according to locality. Mr. C. J. Brydges is the Land Commissioner 
of the Company. His official residence is at Winnipeg, Man., and applications 
may be made to him. 

Under agreement with the Crown the Hudson's Bay Company are entitled to 
one-twentieth of the lands of the " Fertile Belt," estimated at about seven mil- 
lions of acres. 

No prices can be quoted here for the lands of this Company. Their object 
is to obtain for them fair, current market prices. 

SCHOOL LANDS. 

Sections No. 1 1 and 29 in every Township are School Lands. That is, the 
proceeds of their sale are to be applied to the support of education. They are 
not obtainable at private sale. When disposed of it will be by public competi- 
tion at auction. All squatters on these lands, therefore, will have to pay for 
•them the price they bring by auction when z^\d, or they will pass by such sale 
out of their hands. 

LANDS AT PRIVATE SALE. 

The settler may sometimes find it convenient to buy lands partly improved, 
vnth buildings and fences upon them of private proprietors. It very frequently 
happens that half-breed or other lands may be obtained on moderate terms. 

PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

GENERAL FEATURES. 

The Province of British Columbia forms the western face of the Dominion 
of Canada ; and in view of its great importance for the Dominion, it would be 
difficult to say whether its geographical position or its great resources were of 
more value. It has a coast line of about 500 miles on the Pacific Qcean, with 
innumerable bays, harbours and inlets. It has an area of 341.305 square miles, 
and if it were described from the characteristics of its climate and great mineral 
wealth, it might be said to be the Great Britain and California of the Dominion. 

#NoTK. — In e\ery fifth township the Hudson's Bay Comjiany has the whole of Section 26. 



64 

The Province is divided into two parts — the Island of Vancouver and the 
Main Land. The Island is about 300 miles in length, with an average breadth 
of 60 miles,' containing an area of about 20,000 square miles. 

HARBOURS. 

Barclay Sound is on the west coast of the Island. It opens into the Pacific 
Ocean itself, and is about thirty-five miles long. At its head it is only fourteen, 
miles from the east coast, and easy communication may be had with it. The 
water is very deep, and once in harbour the shelter is perfect. 

The harbours on the mainland are Burrard Inlet, Howe Sound, Bute Inlet,. 
Milbank Sound, River Skeena and River Nass. 

Burrard Inlet is situated on the Gulf of Georgia, a few miles from New 
Westminster. It is nine miles long, deep and safe. It is the port from which 
the lumber trade is chiefly carried on. It is very easy of access to vessels of any 
size or class, and convenient depth of water for anchorage may be found in almost 
every part of it. 

flowe Sound is north ot Burrard Inlet, separated from it by Bowen Island,, 
and comparatively difficult of access. 

Bute Inlet is much further north, is surrounded with lofty mountains, and 
receives the waters of the River Hamathco. Valdez Island lies between its 
mouth and Vancouver. 

Millbank Sound, still further north, will become valuable as a harbour as the 
gold mines on Peace River attract population. 

The River Skeena is now ascended by steam vessels from Nanimo, and is 
one of the routes to the Ominica gold mines. 

The River Nass, a little further north, is near the frontier of Alaska. It has 
been ascended by a steamer more than twenty-five miles. It is believed that the 
region it waters is rich in gold, and both it and the Skeena are valuable for the 
fisheries. 

CLIMATE. 

The following is a description of the climate, on the authority of Dr. 
Forbes : — 

' ' The author has lived for more than ten years in Vancouver Island, and he. 
unhesitatingly declares the climate to be unsurpassed by any with which he is ac- 
quainted. The winter, as a rule, is not so cold, but more wet than in the mid- 
land counties of England, while the summer is drier, with heat equal to that at 
home in the day time, but cooler from the evening to early morning. It is never 
so hot at night that a blanket becomes uncomfortable ; the snow rarely remains, 
on the ground for more than two or three days ; the author has never seen it more- 
than a foot deep in and around Victoria." 

From a pamphlet by Mr. E. Graham Alston, B. A., the following farther 
extract is taken : — 

" The rainfall at Esquimault, Vancouver Island, for the year 1868, was only 
22.88 inches: the average would be about 25 inches. On the mainland, how- 
ever, the rainfall is much greater. In 1865 at New Westminster, it amounted to 
40.84 inches, and often exceeds this. At New Westminster in 1865, the greatest 
heat was 108.5, the minimum temperature 15°, on grass 1.8. The climate varies 
considerably, according to the height from the level of the sea. On the western 
and eastern side of the Cascade range the climate also is very different. The 
western side is heavily timbered, and subject to heavy rains in spring and autumn, 
while on the eastern side' the country consists of rolling grassy plains, lightly tim- 
bered, the summer more intense, the rain light. In Cariboo, again, the winter is 
severe, lasting from October to April, the thermometer varying from 10" above to 
20° below zero, snow falling to a depth of 7 to 10 feet ; but the altitude is con- 
siderable, being 4,200 feet above the sea. In a word, the general health and 
climate enjoyed in this colony compares most favourably with other colonies, and 
more particularly with those on the Atlantic side of the American continent in 
similar latitudes," 



65 

MINERAL WEALTH — IMMENSE GOLD AND COAL DEPOSITS. 

First among the resources of British Columbia may be classed its mineral 
wealth. The exploratory surveys in connection with the Canadian Pacific Rail- 
way, have established the existence of gold over the whole extent of the Province. 
Large values have already been taken from the gold mines which have been 
worked. This precious metal is found all along the Frazer and Thompson rivers ; 
again in the north along the Peace and Ominica Rivers and on the Germansen 
Creek ; and on Vancouver Island. 

Want of roads to reach them and want of capital seem to have been the ob- 
stacles in the way of more generally working the gold mines in the past. These 
obstacles are, however, in the way of being overcome. Even with these insuf- 
ficient means of working, the yield of gold in British Columbia from 1858 to 
1876 was $39,953,618, the average earnings per man being $663 per year. It is 
confidently expected that more gold will be taken out of the mines of British 
Columbia than would build the Pacific Railway. It is found along a northwest 
line of more than ten degrees of latitude. Copper is found in abundance in 
British Columbia ; and silver mines have been found in the Frazer Valley. Fur- 
ther explorations will undoubtedly develop more mineral wealth. 

The coal mines of British Columbia are probably even more valuable than 
its gold mines. Bituminous coal is found in Vancouver Island in several places; 
and anthracite coal of very excellent quality on Queen Charlotte's Island. This 
is said to be superior to Pennsylvania anthracite, and although coal is found in 
California, that which is mined in British Columbia commands the high price of 
^16 {£^ 4s. stg. ) in San Francisco. His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne said 
respecting it in a speech at Victoria, British Columbia : — " The coal from the 
Nanaimo mines now leads the market at San Francisco. Nowhere else in these 
countries is such coal to be found, and it is now being worked with an energy 
that bids fair to make Nanaimo one of the chief mining stations on the continent. 
It is of incalculable importance, not only to this Province of the Dominion, but 
also to the interests of the Empire, that our fleets and mercantile marine, as well 
as the continental markets, should be supplied from this source." 

The importance of the coal supply of British Columbia is pointed out by 
Sir Charles Dilkc, one of the present Ministers of the Crown in England, in his 
book entitled "Greater Britain," as follows : — 

" The position of the various stores of coal in the Pacific is of extreme im- 
portance as an index to the future distribution of power in that portion of the 
world; but it is not enough to know where coal is to be found, without looking 
also to the quantity, quality, cheapness of labour and facility of transport. In 
China and in Borneo there are extensive coal fields, but they lie ' the wrong way' 
for trade; on the other hand, the California coal at Monte Diaboio, San Diego, 
and Monterey lies well, but is bad in quality. Tasmania has good coal, but in 
no great quantity, and the beds nearest to the coast are formed of inferior anthra- 
cite. The three countries of the Pacific which must for a time at least rise to 
manufacturing greatness, are Japan, Vancouver Island and New South Wales ; 
but which of these will become wealthiest and most powerful depends mainly on 
the amount of coal which ihey respectively possess, so situated as to be cheaply 
raised. The dearness of labour under which Vancouver suffers will be removed 
by the opening of the Pacific Railroad; but for the present New South Wales has 
the cheapest labour, and upon her shores at Newcastle are abundant stores of 
coal of good quality for manufacturing purposes, although for sea use it burns 
'dirtily' and too fast. * * * yhg future of the Pacific shores is inevitably 
brilliant, but it is not New Zealand, the centre of the water hemisphere, which 
will occupy the position that England has taken on the Atlantic, but some country 
:such as Japan or Vancouver, jutting out into the ocean from Asia or from America, 
as England juts out from Europe." 

The importance of these considerations will become more apparent to those 
■readers of this Guide Book, who have taken note of the enormous resources of 
the vast region — agricultural, industrial and commercial — through which the 
Canadian Pacific Railway passes, with its favourable grades, and great saving in 



66 

distances. These greatly important facts, affecting the considerations of empire, 
are not set fully forth in the work from which the above extract is taken. 



The forest lands are of great extent, and the timber most valuable. They 
are found throughout nearly the whole extent of the Province. The principal 
trees are the Douglas pine, Menzies fir, yellow fir, balsam, hemlock, white pine, 
yellow pine, cedar, yellow cypress, arbor vitse, yew, oak, white maple, arbutus, 
alder, dogwood, aspen, cherry, crab apple, willow and cotton wood. The Doug- 
las pine is almost universal on the sea coast, and up to the Cascade range. It 
preponderates at the southern end of Vancouver, and along its east and west 
coast, the finest being found in the valley and low grounds along the west coast, 
and on the coast of British Columbia. It yields spars from ninety to lOO feet in 
length, can often be obtained 150 feet free from knots, and has squared forty-five 
inches for ninety feet. It is thought to be the strongest pine, or fir, in existence. 
Broken in a gale, the stem is splintered to a height of at least twenty feet, and it 
is astonishing to see how small a portion of the trunk will withstand the leverage 
of the whole tree. The timber contains a great deal of rosin, and is exceedingly 
durable. The bark resembles cork, is often eight or nine inches thick, and makes 
splendid fuel. 

On the banks of the Nitniat Islet and elsewhere, forests of the Menzies pine 
occur suitable in size for first-class spars, and the wood works beautifully. The 
white pine is common everywhere. The Scotch fir is found on the bottom lands 
with the willow and Cottonwood. The cedar abounds in all parts of the country, 
and attains an enormous growth. Hemlock spruce is very common. The maple 
is universal everywhere. The arbutus grows very large, and the wood in colour 
and texture resembles box. There are two kinds of oak, much of it of good size 
and quality. There are few lumbering establishments, the trade being hardly de- 
veloped. The value of timber exports in 1881 was $162,747. 

The Fraser River and its tributaries, with the numerous lakes communicating 
with them, furnish great facilities for the conveyance of timber. The Lower 
Fraser country especially is densely wooded. Smaller streams and the numerous 
inlets and arms of the sea furnish facilities for the region further north. 

His Excellency the Marquis of Lome said in his recent speech at Victoria : — 

" Every stick in these wonderful forests, which so amply and generously 
clothe the Sierras from the Cascade range to the distant Rocky Mountains, wilt 
be of vslue as communication opens up. The great arch of timber lands begin- 
ning on the West of Lake Manitoba, circles round to Edmonton, comes down 
along the mountains, so as to include the whole of your Province. Poplar alonC;,. 
for many years, must be the staple wood of the lands to the south of the Saskat- 
chewan, and your great opportunity lies in this, that you can give the settlers of 
the whole of that region as much of the finest timber in the world as they can- 
desire, while your cordwood cargoes will compete with the coal of Alberta.. 
Coming down in our survey to the coast, we come upon ground familiar to yon 
all, and you all know how large a trade already exists with China and Australia, 
in wood, and how capable of almost indefinite expansion is this commerce. Your 
forests are hardly tapped, and there are plenty more logs, like one I saw cut the- 
other day at Burrard Inlet, of forty inches square and ninety and one hundred feet 
in length, down to sticks which could be used as props for mines or as cordwood 
for fuel. The business which has assumed such large proportions along the Pacific 
shore of the canning of salmon, great as it is, is as yet almost in its infancy, for- 
there is many a river swarming with fish from the time of the first run of salmon 
in spring to the last run of other varieties m the autumn, on which many a can- 
nery is sure to be established." 

FISHERIES. 

The fisheries are probably the richest in the world. "WHiales and seals abound 
in the northern seas. Sturgeon are plentiful in the rivers and estuaries of British 
Columbia. They are found weighing over 500 lbs., and are caught with little- 
difiSculty. 



67 

Salmon are excellent, and most abundant. Those of Fraser River are justly 
famous. There are five species, and they make their way up the river for i ,000 
miles. The silver salmon' begins to arrive in March, or early in April, and lasts 
till the end of June. The average weight is from four to twenty-five lbs., but 
they have been caught weighing over seventy. The second kind are caught from 
June to August, and are considered the finest. Their average size is only five to 
six lbs. The third, coming in August, average seven lbs., and are an excellent 
fish. The noan or humpback salmon, comes every second year, lasting from 
August till winter, weighing from six to fourteen lbs. The hookbill arrives in 
September, and remains till winter, weighing from twelve to fifteen, and even 
forty-five lbs. Salmon is sold at Victoria at five cents per lb., and there appears 
to be no limit to the catch. 

The oulachans, a small fish like a sprat, appearing at the end of April, are a 
delicious fish, fresh, salted, or smoked, and yield an oil of a fine and excellent 
quality. They enter the river in millions, and those caught at the north are said 
to be so full of oil that they will burn like a candle. 

Several species of cod are found, and it is believed that there are extensive 
cod banks in the Gulf of Georgia. 

Herring also abound during the winter months, and are largely used, both 
fresh and smoked, and are of good quality. 

Anchovies are only second to the oulachans in abundance, and may be taken 
with great ease during the autumn. 

Haddock is caught in the winter months. 

Dogfish con be taken with great facility in any of the bays and inlets, and the 
oil extracted from these is of great value. 

Excellent trout are found in most of the lakes and streams, weighing froir 
three to eight lbs. 

Oysters are found in all parts of the Province. They are small, but of fin' 
quality. 

.AGRICULTURE AND FRUIT GROWING. 

The Province of British Columbia cannot be called an agricultural country 
throughout its whole extent. But it yet possesses very great agricultural resources, 
especially in view of its mineral and other sources of wealth, as well as its 
position. It possesses tracts of arable land of very great extent. A portion of 
these, however, requires artificial irrigation. This is easily obtained, and not 
expensive, and lands so irrigated are of very great fertility. Land, 1,700 feet 
above the level of the sea, thus irrigated, yielded last year as high as forty bushels 
of wiieat per acre. 

The tracts of land suitable for grazing purposes are of almost endless extent, 
and the climate very favourable, shelter being only required for sheep, and even this 
not in ordinary seasons. On the Cariboo road there is a plain 150 miles long, 
and sixty or eighty wide, and between the Thompson and Fraser rivers there is 
an immense tract of arable and grazing land. The hills and plains are covered 
with bunch grass, on which the cattle and horses live all winter, and its nutritive 
qualities are said to exceed the celebrated blue grass and clover of Virginia. 

His Excellency the Marquis of Lome, in a speech at Victoria, made the 
following remarks : — 

" Throughout the interior it will probably pay well in the fiiture to have 
flocks of sheep. The demand for wool and woollen goods will always be very 
large among the people now crowding in such numbers to those regions which 
our official world as yet calls the North-West, but which is the North-East and 
East to you. There is no reason why British Columbia should not be for this 
portion of our territory what California is to the Stales in the supply afforded of 
fruits. The perfection attained by small fruits is unrivalled, and it is only with 
the Peninsula of Ontario that you would have to compete for the supplies of 
grapes, peaches, pears, apples, cherries, plums, apricots, and currants." His 
Excellency further said : — " For men possessing from ;i^20o to ;^6oo I can conceive 
no more attractive occupation than the care of cattle or a cereal farm within youi 
borders. Wherever there is open land the wheat crops rival the best growi 



68 

'elsewhere, while there is nowhere any dearth of ample provision of fuel and lumber 
for the winter. As you get your colonization roads pushed and the dykes along 
the Fraser River built, you will have a larger available acreage, for there are quiet 
straths and valleys hidden away among the rich forests which would provide 
comfortable farms. As in the North-west last year, so this year, I have taken 
down the evidence of settlers, and this has been wonderfully favourable. To say 
the truth, I was rather hunting for grumblers and found only one ! He was a 
young man of super-sensitiveness from one of our comfortable Ontario cities." 

MANUFACTURES AND EXPORTS. 

The manufactories of British Columbia have been hitherto comparatively few 
in number ; but water power is everywhere abundant. Those manufactures which 
■are at present being carried on are in a prosperous state. The exports from the 
.province are already considerable, and will undoubtedly in the near future be 
larjTely developed. Besides the large number of vessels that visit the ports of 
-British Columbia, there are steamers plying between Victoria and New West- 
minster, and on the Frazer River as far as Yale : and there are also others. 

POPULATION. 

The total population of British Columbia was 49,459 by the census of 1881. 
But since that date there has been a large influx of Chinese, and also of whites, 
in connection with the works of the Canadian Pacific Railway. There is a large 
■disproportion between the men and women in the province, the men being greatly 
in excess. The disproportion will, however, probably be remedied by the progress 
•of immigration. 

The Indians of British Columbia are remarkable for their peaceable disposition. 
On this point His Excellency, the Marquis of Lome, made the following appropriate 
remarks at victoria : — 

" I believe I have seen the Indians of almost every tribe throughout the 
Dommion, and nowhere can you find any who are so trustworthy in regard to 
conduct, so willing to assist the white settlers by their labour, so independent and 
anxious to learn the secret of the white man's power. While elsewhere are met 
constant demands for assistance, your Indians have never asked for any, for in 
the interviews given to the chiefs their whole desire seemed to be for schools and 
schoolmasters; and in reply to questions as to whether they would assist themselves 
in securing such institutions, they invariably replied that they would be glad to 
pay for them. It is certainly much to be desired that some of the funds appor- 
tioned for Indian purposes be given to- provide them fully with schools, in which 
industrial education may form an important item. But we must not do injustice 
to the wilder tribes. Their case is totally different from that of your Indians. 
The buffalo was everything to the nomad. It gave him house, fuel, clothes, and 
bread. The disappearance of this animal left him starving. Here, on the 
contrary, the advent of the white men has never diminished the food supply of 
the native. He has game in abundance, for the deer are as numerous now as they 
ever have been. He has more fish than he knoM's what to do with, and the 
lessons in farming that you have taught him have given him a source of food supply 
of which he was previously ignorant." 

His Excellency further pointed out that population will come to British 
Columbia so soon as the Pacific Railway is pushed through. Its isolated position, 
and the expense and difficulty of reaching it, have hitherto stood in the way of 
immigration. His Excellency eloquently caid : — 

"There is no reason ultimately to doubt that the population attracted to you, 
as soon as you have a line through the mountains, will be the population which we 
most desire to have — a people like that of the old Imperial Islands, drawn from 
the strongest races of Northern Europe — one that with English, American, Irish, 
German, French, and Scandinavian blood shall be a worthy son of the old Mother 
of Nations." 

HOW TO OBTAIN LANDS IN THE PROVINCE. 

The lands in British Columbia, with the exception of those transferred to 



69 

settlers, and those allotted to the Canadian Pacific Railway, are held by the 
Provincial Government, in the same way as in the older provinces of the Dominion, 
The following particufers respecting them are taken from a recent pamphlet by 
the Agent-General of that province, published in the United Kingdom : — 

" Public Lends. — The Land Act of 1874 makes most liberal provisions for 
the acquisition by settlers of land, either as Free Homesteads or by purchase. 
Land can be secured against seizure. 

'■'' Free Homesteads. — Heads of families, widows, or single men of 18 years 
and upwards, may obtain free grants of 320 acres eastward of the Cascade range 
of mountains, or of 160 acres in other parts of the Province. The settler selects 
his own land, records it in the office of the District Commissioner, the fee for 
which is two dollars, and at once enters upon occupation. After two years' occu- 
pancy, and certain conditions as to improvements having been complied with, a 
Crown grant or conveyance will be made, the only expense of which would be 
five dollars — so that a farm of 320 acres may be obtained in a beautiful and 
healthful country for about thirty shillings ! 

''^ Sale of Surveyed Lands. — Lands, the surveys of which have been duly 
made and confirmed by notice in the Government Gazette, are open for purchase 
at the rate of one dollar per acre — to be paid in one full payment, or in two 
annual payments of 50 cents per acre ; pajTnent to be made in two years trom 
time of purchase. 

" Unsu7~veycd Lands. — Persons desirous of purchasing unsurveyed, unoccu- 
pied and unreserved Crown lands must first have the land surveyed by a surveyor 
approved by the Government. 

" Tracts of land near the land actually occupied can be leased for grazing 
purposes, on terms designed to be liberal to the pre-emptor. Such leased land is 
liable to be pre-empted by others, but in that case the lessee's rent is reduced 
proportionately. 

" Land covered with wild hay can also be leased in the above way, but not 
more than 500 acres of it to any one person, and not for longer than five years. 

" Mining and timber leases will be named under their proper heads further on. 

"Military and naval officers in Her Majesty's service are entitled to free 
grants on certain conditions. The Agent-General will give information. 

'■'■ Homestead Act. — Most important Act. If a settler have a wife and children 
this Act must be dear to him ; the farm and buildings, when registered, cannot 
be taken for debt incurred after the registration ; it is free up to a value not greater 
than $2,500 (^500 English); goods and chattels are also free up to $500 (;^ioo 
English) ; cattle ' farmed on shares' are also protected by an Exemption Act. 

" Farm lands in private hands may be bought at almost any price, from $5 
{20s. English) to $40 (;^8 English) per acre, according to situation and improve- 
ment." 

Chapter VIII.— THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. 

GENERAL FEATURES. 

Outside of the Province of Manitoba extends the North-West Territory of 
Canada. It is bounded on the south by the 49th parallel, which divides it from 
the United States. It follows this line west to the base of the Rocky Mountains, 
which it touches at very nearly the 115th degree of west longitude, and takes a 
north-west trend along the base of the Rocky Mountains until it comes in contact 
with the Territory of Alaska, and proceeds thence due north to the Arctic Ocean. 
On the eastern side there is a question with the Ontario Government as to the 
boundary. North and east of the points mentioned it comprises the remainder of 
the continent. 

This vast Territory contains great lakes and great rivers. The Mackenzie is 
one of the largest rivers in the world, and empties into the Arctic Ocean. Its 
estimated length is 2,500 miles, including the Slave River, which is a part of ' its 
system. This river is generally navigable, except at the base of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, where it is interrupted by cascades. The country through which it runs is 



70 

rich in mineral deposits, including coal. The Peace, another great river of the 
North-West, has an estimated course of i,ioomi!es, draining a country containing 
very great agricultural and mineral resources. • 

Another great river which takes its rise in the Rocky Mountains, is the 
Saskatchewan, which empties into Lake Winnipeg, having a total length of about 
t, 500 miles. This river is navigable from the Lake to Fort Edmonton, and it 
drains an immense agricultural region. There are numerous other rivers in this 
Territory, such as the Nelson, the Churchill, the Winnipeg and the Assiniboine. 

The lakes are the Great Bear Lake, the Great Slave Lake, the Athabasca, 
Lake Winnipeg and others. The Great Bear Lake contains an area of 14,000 
square miles. The Great Slave Lake has a length from east to west of 300 miles, 
its greatest breadth being 50 miles. The Athabasca Lake has a length of 230 
miles, averaging 14 miles in width, having, however, a very much greater width 
in some places. Lake Winnipeg has a length of 280 miles, with a breadth of 55 
miles, but its shape is very irregular. There are numerous other lakes of large 
size in the North-West. 

The Nelson River drains the waters of Lake Winnipeg into Hudson's Bay ; 
and the extent of its discharge may be imagined from the fact that this Lake 
receives the waters of the Red River of the North, as well as of the River Winni- 
peg, the Saskatchewan and others. 

The mouth of the Nelson River is nearer to Liverpool than is New York, 
and the navigation it is believed is continuously open for over four months in the 
year. Efforts are, therefore, already being made to render available this near 
communication from the very centre of the continent with the port of Liverpool. 

Generally speaking, a line drawn from the south-east corner of the Lake of 
the Woods, and running north-west to the height of land, divides this Territory 
into two nearly equal portions, and for the most part follows the course of the 
isothermal line. A diagonal line thus drawn also roughly separates two geological 
formations, the southern half being generally available for agricultural purposes. 
The portion north of this line comprises the wooded portion of the North- West. 
It is rich in mineral and other resources, and undoubtedly, as the country comes 
to be more thickly settled, will be cultivated in parts. 

A remarkable feature of this great extent of territory is its division along 
lines running generally north-west and south-east, into three distinct prairie 
steppes or plateaux as they are generally called. The first of these is known as 
the Red River Valley and Lake Winnipeg plateau. The width at the boundary 
line is about 52 miles, and the average height about 800 feet above the sea. At 
the boundary line it is about 1,000 feet. This fiirst plateau lies entirely within the 
Province of Manitoba, and is estimated to contain about 7,000 square miles of the 
best wheat growtng land on the continent or in the world. 

The second plateau or steppe has an average altitude of 1,600 feet, having a 
vddth of about 250 miles on the national boundary line, and an area of about 
105,000 square miles. The rich, undulating, park-like country lies in this region. 
This section is specially favourable for settlement, and includes the Assiniboine 
and Qu'Appelle districts. 

The third plateau or steppe begins on the boundary line at the 104th meri- 
dian, where it has an elevation of about 2,000 feet, and extends west for 465 
miles to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, where it has an altitude of about 4,200 
feet, making an average height above the sea of about 3,000 feet. Generally 
speaking, the first two steppes are those which are most favourable for agricul- 
ture, and the third for grazing. Settlement is proceeding in the first two at a 
very rapid rate ; and in the third plateau numerous and prosperous cattle ranches 
have been established. 

PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS. 

The Dominion Government, by Order-in-Council, has formed out of this 
territory for postal purposes and for the convenience ot settlers, four provisional 
districts, named respectively Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabasca. 



71 

DISTRICT OK ASSINIHOIA. 

This district comprises an area of about?95,000 square miles. It is bounded 
on the south by the International boundary line, on the east by the western 
boundary of Manitoba, on the north by the 9th Correction Line of the Dominion 
Lands System of Survey into Townships, which is near to the 52nd parallel of lati 
tude. On the west it is bounded by the line dividing the loth and nth ranges of 
townships west of the 4th initial meridian of the Dominion Lands Survey. 

DISTRICT OF SASKATCHEWAN. 

This district coniprises about 114,000 square miles, bounded on the south by 
the district of Assiniboia, and the northern boundary of the Province of Manitoba ; 
Winnipeg with a part of Nelson River forms its eastern boundary ; on the north 
it is bounded by the i8th Correction Line of the Dominion Lands System of 
Survey, and on the west by the line of that system dividing the loth and nth 
ranges of townships west of the fourth initial meridian. 

DISTRICT OF ALBERTA. 

This district comprises an area of about 100,000 square miles, bounded on the 
south by the International Boundary ; on the east by the district of Assiniboia ; 
on the west by the Province of British Columbia at the base of the Rocky Moun- 
tains ; and on the north by the i8th Correction Line before mentioned, which is 
near the 55th parallel of latitude. 

DISTRICT OF ATHABASCA. 

This district comprises an area of about 122,000 square miles, bounded', on 
the south by the district of Alberta ; on the east by the line between the loth and 
nth ranges of the Dominion Lands Townships before mentioned, until in proceed- 
ing northwards that line intersects the Athabasca River ; then by that river and* 
the Athabasca Lake and Slave River to the intersection of this with the northern 
boundary of the district which is to be the 32nd Correction Line of the Dominion 
Lands Township System, and is very near the 60th parallel of north latitude 
and westward by the Province of British Columbia. 

Chapter IX.— TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS, TRAVELLERS,, 
DELEGATES AND EMINENT MEN, 

The Earl of Dufferin. — When Lord Dufiferin visited the North- West in 
1877, travelling over large stretches and camping out for several weeks together, 
after observation of its resources and conversations with settlers, he declared in a 
speech of great eloquence at Winnipeg, that when the Dominion of Canada came 
to these vast regions, she was no longer "a mere settler along the banks of a 
single river, but the owner of half a continent, and in the magnitude of her pos- 
sessions, in the wealth of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, the 
peer of any power on earth." 

His Excellency the Marquis of Lome. — His Excellency the Marquis of 
Lome, the present Governor-General of Canada, made an extensive tour in the 
North- West, in 1881 ; crossing the plains in waggons until he came in sight of 
the Rocky Mountains, and spending his nights under canvas. He also made a 
speech at Winnipeg, in which he described with great eloquence the impressions 
he had received of the territory over which he had travelled. The following are 
extracts :— " Beautiful as are the numberless lakes and illimitable forests of Kee- 
watin — the land of the north wind to the east of you — yet it was pleasant to 'get 
behind the north wind' and to reach your open plains. The contrast is great 
between the utterly silent and shadowy solitudes of the pine and fir forests, and 
the. sunlit and breezy ocean of meadowland, voiceful with the music of birds, 
which stretches onward from the neighbourhood of your city. In Keewatin the 
lumber industry and mining enterprise can alone be looked for, and here it is 
impossible to imagine any kind of work which shall not produce results equal t<. 
thostt attained in any of the great cities in the world. Unknown a few years ag( 



72 

except for some differences which had arisen amongst its people, we see Winnipeg 
now with a population unanimously joining in happy concord, and rapidly lifting 
it to the front rank amongst the commercial centres of the continent. We may 
look in vain elsewhere for a situation so favourable and so commanding — many as 
are the fair regions of which we can boast." 

" Nowhere can you find a situation whose natural advantages promise so 
great a future as that which seems ensured to Manitoba and to Winnipeg, the 
Heart city of our Dominion. The measureless meadows which commence here 
stretch without interruption of their good soil westward to your boundary. The 
Province is a green sea over which the summer winds pass in waves of rich grasses 
and flowers, and on this vast extent it is only as yet here and there that a yellow 
patch shows some gigantic wheat field 

" Like a great net cast over the whole are the bands and clumps of poplar 
wood which are everywhere to be met with, and which, no doubt, when the 
prairie fires are more carelully guarded against, will, wherever they are wanted, 
still further adorn the landscape. The meshes of this wood-netting are never 
further than twenty or thirty miles apart, Little hay swamps and sparkling lake- 
lets teeming with wild fowl are always close at hand, and if the surface water in 
some of these has alkali, excellent water can always be had in others, and by the 
simple process of digging for it a short distance beneath the sod with a spade, the 
soil being so devoid of stones that it is not even necessary to use a pick. No 
wonder that under these circumstances we hear no croaking 

"There was not one person who had manfully faced the first difficulties — 
always far less than those to be encountered in the older Provinces — but said that 
he was getting on well and he was glad he had come, and he generally added 
that he believed his bit of the country must be the best, and that he only wished 
his friends could have the same good iortune, for his expectations were more than 
realized. It is well to remember that the men who will succeed here, as in every 
young community, are usually the able-bodied 

" Favourable testimony as to the climate was everywhere given. The heavy 
night dews throughout the North-West keep the country green when everything 
is burned to the south, and the steady winter cold, although it sounds formidable 
when registered by the thermometer, is universally said to be far less trying than 
the cold to be encountered at the old English Puritan city of Boston, in Massa- 
chusetts. It is the moisture in the atmosphere which makes cold tell, and the 
Englishman who, with his thermometer at zero, would in his moist atmosphere 
be shivering would here find one flannel shirt sufficient clothing while working. . . 

" With the fear of Ontario before my eyes, I would never venture to com- 
pare a winter here to those of our greatest Province, but I am bound to mention 
that when a friend of mine put the question to a party of sixteen Ontario men 
v'ho had settled in the western portion of Manitoba as to the comparative merits 
of the cold season of the two provinces, fourteen of them voted for the Manitoba 
climate, and onlytwo elderly men said that they preferred that of Toronto. . . . 

"You have a country whose value it would be insanity to question, and 
which, to judge from the emigration taking place from the older provinces, will 
be indissolubly linked with them. It must support a vast population. If we 
may calculate from the progress we have already made in comparison with our 
neighbours we shall have no reason to fear comparison with them on the new 
areas now open to us. Exclusive of Newfoundland, we have njow four million 
four hundred thousand people, and these, with the exception of the comparatively 
small numbers as yet in this Province, are restricted to the old area. Yet for the 
last ten years our increase has been over i8 per cent., whereas during the same 
period all the New England States taken together have shown an increase only 
of 15 per cent. In the last thirty years in Ohio the increase has been 61 per 
cent. — Ontario has had during that space of time loi per cent, of increase, while 
Quebec has increased 52 per cent. Manitoba in ten years has increased 289 per 
cent., a greater rate than any hitherto attained, and, to judge from this year's 
experience, is likely to increase to an even more wonderful degree during the 
following decade." 



73 

I'!ev. James MincGrs^r, D.D. — One of the party who accompanied His 
Excellency the Marquis of Lome on his journey in 1881, was the Rev. Dr. James 
MacGregor, who has since written a descriptive article in the August number of 
the Coiitempora7y R^viexiLK In that article he says : — 

"As day after day, and week after week, we drove across those fertile regions, 
it was a daily wonder to us all how they had been so long kept hidden from the 
hungry millions of Europe. From Winnipeg to the Rocky Mountains we did not 
come across a thousand acres that were not fit either for grazing or for agriculture. 
Of the marvellous fertility of the first prairie steppe, the Red River region, there 
is no doubt whatever. The soil is a rich black friable mould, from two to four 
feet in depth, and has in some places yielded crops of wheat for fifty years without 
manure. The unbroken prairie has a sward of the richest green, thick and close 
in the pile as velvet. Here is the evidence of hard-headed practical Scotch 
farmers who recently visited the country. Mr. Gordon, of AnnanHale, says that 
'beneath that surface of dried grass and ashes, consequent upon the frequent fires, 
there lies hidden a treasure in fertility of soil which, when developed, will sustain 
millions of the human race.' 'Along the Red River,' says Mr. Snow, of Mid- 
lothian, ' the soil is a very strong black vegetable mould, and would carry paying 
crops of wheat for thirty years.' ' As a field for wheat raisii g,' says Mr. Biggar, 
of Kirkcudbright, ' I much prefer Manitoba to Dakota, The first cost of land is 
less ; the soil is deeper and will stand more cropping ; the sample of wheat is 
better, and the produce five to ten bushels per acre- more, all of which is profit. 
On the whole I was favourably impressed with Manitoba. No one who sees 
the immense extent of fertile soil and the excellence of its products can for a 
moment doubt that there is a great future before that country.' A \\riter in 
Haipcrs New Monthly A/ao;azi}ie for September, 1881, says : — ' If one-half of the 
ground of that comparatively small portion which is drained by the Red River 
and its affluents were sown to wheat, the product at an average yield would be 
500,000,000 bushels, or more than the entire amount raised in the United States 
in 18S0.'" 

Of the second prairie steppe, Dr. MacGregor says : — 

"This second plateau, which appears at one time to be completely covered 
by forest, comprehends the splendid countries watered by the Souris River, the 
Assiniboine, the Little Saskatchewan, and the Qu'Appelle. No words can ex- 
aggerate the prettiness and the richness of the country along the line at which we 
crossed it. No words can convey the impression produced by travelling day 
after day, in the most delightful weather, through this magnificent land, and find- 
ing ever as we moved onward that the fertility remained wasted and hungering 
for the plough. From the time we entered that second steppe till we struck the 
North Saskatchewan, a journey occupying fifteen days, the general character of 
the country may be described as that of vast rolling plains from ten to thirty miles 
broad, stretching as far as the eye can see, and covered with rich succulent 
grasses, these plains lying between long and broad ridges of upland from rive to 
ten miles across, running mainly north-west and south-east, and dotted with 
clumps of copse or bush. These copse clumps and glades, interspersed with 
pretty lakes, often look lese like the work of Nature, than of the landscape gar- 
dener. ... It required an eftort often to believe that this was ' No Man's 
Land.' Taking notes of the country hour by hour as we journeyed on, I find the 
words 'park-like,' ' copsy glades,' etc., occurring with almost wearisome reitera- 
tion. Here for example, is what I note of the prairie near Humboldt, the largest 
and cleanest we had yet seen, stretching absolutely treeless north-west and south- 
east far beyond vision : — It was a fine breezy day a; we drove along those vast 
downs, rolling like a lumpy sea, the colour precisely that of the Cheviots in 
autumn, and covered with rich close-piled and flower-flushed grass. As we 
reached a higher rising ground than usual, and looked around upon the bound- 
less plain, unbroken by rock, or tree, or shrub, as smooth-shaven as a well kept 
lawn, the expression v,'ould force itself to the lips — ' Wonderful !' " 

Of the third ]irairie steppe. Dr. MacGregor says: — • 

" At the point where we struck it, the escarpment which divides it from the 
second steppe was most sharply defined, being nothing less than the fine and 



74 

bold ridge of the Eagle Hills. On ascending these hills we found that there was 
no descent on the other side, but that before us stretched a level prairie, whose 
difference in character as well as height from the prairie of the previous steppe 
was at once apparent. South and west stretched a great yellow circle, but with 
no wooded purple ridge, as formerly, on the horizon." 

Speaking of the section of country where the cattle ranches are situated, on 
the third prairie steppe, Dr. MacGregor says : — 

" The whole of this region may be said to be more or less under the beneficent 
influence of the warm winter winds known as the 'Chinooks,' whose true physical 
explanation has not yet been accurately ascertained, but of whose extraordinary 
effects in tempering the cold of winter there can be no manner of doubt. It is 
owing to these winds that snow never lies to any depth, and as a consequence 
cattle and horses find food and shelter for themselves all the winter through. The 
result is that ranching or stock-raising on a colossal scale has already begun. " 

Referring to the Cochrane ranche, Dr. MacGregor says the numbers of stock 
were to be 7,200 by the end of October, and 20,000 when complete. He then 
;goes on to say : — 

" In spite of the necessarily defective arrangements of a first winter, the 
i^'esult speaks volumes as to the admirable capacity of the country for stock-raising, 
and this, be it remembered, at an altitude of some 4,000 feet above the level of 
the sea. In a letter which I received from Lord Lome, dated Ottawa, 5th April 
*[88^,he says: — 'Cochrane is going to send in another 8,000 head. All his beasts 
have wintered splendidly. They used none of the cut hay, except for the invalid 
beasts. The herd has increased in weight all round. Only two have been 
killed, whether by whites or our Blackfeet friends they do not know.' Of the 
fertility of the soil throughout most of this region we had the amplest proof. It is 
a pitch-black sandy loam, very easy to work. Near the northern extremity of the 
region on the Indian supply farm, close by Calgarry, we saw for the first time 
ploughing on the prairie. A pair of horses and a yoke of oxen were each plough- 
ing a mile-long furrow on rich haugh land, a sight which set me thinking about 
our farmers at home. The virgin soil had been broken in spring, and they were 
turning it over for fall sowing. Labour was scarce, poor and dear. They were 
roughly stacking the barley like hay, and the oats were being reaped. The crops 
of all kinds were in splendid condition. On a farm close by where the oat crop 
was a wonder to behold, and where the oats were standing strong in the stem and 
41 inches high, we had the curiosity to count the produce from one self-sown 
grain of oats, and found them to be 2,691 grains. At another Indian supply farm 
at the southern extremity of the region we counted the return from single grains 
of oats, and found them to be three times that amount with as many as forty-five 
stalks to the stool, and each stalk like a reed ; while from one wheat grain there 
were eighty-five stalks to the stool, and fifty grains on the average to the stalk, or 
a return of 4,250. While there can be no doubt whatever that in the regioir 
under review there is an ample supply of fertile land, it is only fair to state that 
there was some conflict of opinion as to its suitability for agriculture, the one 
serious objection being the occasional occurrence of early frosts. On the other 
hand, there was a pretty general consensus of opinion that this difficulty would be 
got over by the practice which is beginning to prevail of fall .sowing, which 
insures that the seed, which the severe frost does not in the least injure, comes 
away with the first breath of spring." 

The Hon. Horatio Seymour. — The following is an extract from a letter of 
the Hon. Horatio Seymour, late Governor of the State of New York. It is in- 
teresting as containing an American opinion. Writing of what he saw in Mani- 
toba and the Canadian North-West, the Hon. Mr. Seymour says : — 

" I saw thousands and thousands of acres of wheat, clearing 40 bushels to the 
acre, weighing 63 and 65 pounds to the bushel, and was assured by undoubted 
authority that, on Peace River, 1,200 miles north-west of where I was, wheat 
could be produced in immense quantities equal to the best I saw in Winnipeg, 
while great herds of cattle were being fed without cost on as fine grassy land as 
the world affords. In short, between our north-western line of 45 degrees and 



75 

54 degrees 40 minutes (General Cass' fighting point) there is a country owned by 
England with greater grain and stock-growing capacity than all the lands on the 
Baltic, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean combined. The land laws of Can- 
ada are now as liberal as ours as to the homestead, pre-emption and free claims. 
People are crowding there rapidly and towns are springing up as if by magic. 
Their great railway will reach the Pacific at the grantl harbour of Puget Sound 
before our Northern Pacific will, and it will be extended eastward promptly to 
Montreal. The distance to Liverpool will be 600 miles shorter than any Ameri- 
can line can get the wheat of Dakota tHfere." 

Professor Sheldott. — The following is from a report of Professor Sheldon, of 
the College of Agriculture, Downton, England : — 

" I was much surprised to find among the Manitoban farmers one of my old 
Cirencester pupils. He had bought a farm of some 400 acres a few miles west 
of Winnipeg, paying as was thought, the extravagant price of 20 dollars (^^4) an 
) Acre. He declared, however, to me that he had the best farm in the locality, 
■which maybe taken as evidence of his being satisfied with it; and he was growing 
crops of turnips, potatoes, oats, &c., which were already a theme of conversation 
in the Province, this was done by better cultivation than the land of Manitoba is 
used to, and it is clear that the soil will produce almost any kind of crop in a very 
satisfactory way, providing it is properly attended to." 

" The soil of Manitoba is a purely vegetable loam, black as ink, and full of 
organic matter, in some places many feet thick, and resting on the alluvial drift of 
the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. It is of course extremely rich in the chief ele- 
ments of plant-food, and cannot easily be exhausted ; the farmers know this, so 
they take all they can out of it in the shortest possible time, and return nothing 
■whatever to it in the form of manure. By turning up an inch or two of fresh soil 
now and again, the fertility of the surface is renewed, and the same exhaustive 
system of growing wheat, year by year, may be pursued for a long period with 
impunity. It is true, in fact, that for several of the first years, at all events, 
manuring the soil would do much more harm than good." 

The late Hon. Willia?n Seward, — To take another American witness, the 
following is an extract from a letter of the late Honorable William .Seward, the 
Foreign Secretary to the late President Lincoln during the war with the South. 
His statement is both frank and explicit : — 

" Hitherto, in common with most of my countrymen, as I suppose, I have 
thought Canada a mere strip lying north of the United States, easily detached 
from the parent State, but incapable of sustaining itself, and therefore ultimately, 
nay, right soon, to be taken on by the Federal Union, without materially chang- 
ing or affecting its own development. I have dropped the opinion as a national 
conceit. I see in British North America, stretching as it does across the Conti- 
nent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, in its wheat-fields of the West, its invaluable 
fisheries, and its mineral wealth, a region grand enough for the seat of a great 
empire. " 

Captain Palliser.—^'' It is a physical reality of the highest importance to the 
interests of British North America that this continuous belt can be settled and 
cultivated from a few miles west of Lake of the Woods to the passes of the Rocky 
Mountains, and any line of communication, whether by waggon or railroad, pass- 
ing through it, will eventually enjoy the great advantage of being fed by an agri- 
cultural population from one extremity to the other. No other part of the Ameri- 
can Continent possesses an approach even to this singularly favorable disposition 
•of soil and climate." 

" The natural resources lying within the limits of the Fertile Belt, or on its 
Eastern borders, are themselves of great value as local elements of future wealth 
and prosperity: but in view of a communication across the continent, they acquire 
paramount importance. Timber, available for fuel and building purposes, coal, 
iron ore, are widely distributed, of great purity and in considerable abundance ; 
salt, in quantity sufficient for a dense population. All these crude elements of 
wealth lie within the limits or on the borders of a region of great fertility." 



76 

Archbishop Tache. — His Grace Archbishop Tache, of St. Boniface, who has. 
spent a long life in the North-West, and whose eminent position entitles his 
words to consideration, gives the following acccount of the Saskatchewan^dis- 
trict :— 

" The coal fields which cross the different branches of the Saskatchewan are 
a great source of wealth, and favour the settlement of the valley in which nature 
has multiplied picturesque scenery that challenges comparison with the most re- 
markable of its kind in the world. I can understand the exclusive attachment of 
the children of the Saskatchewan for their native place. Having crossed the 
desert, and having come to so great a distance from civilized countries, which 
are occasionally supposed to have a monopoly of good things, one is surprised to 
find in the extreme West so extensive and so beautiful a region. The Author of 
the universe has been pleased to spread out, by the side of the grand and wild 
beauties of the Rocky Mountains, the captivating pleasure grounds of the plains of 
Saskatchewan." 

Archbishop Tache. — The following is an extract from a letter of His Grace- 
Archbishop Tache to the Rev. Father Nugent : — 

" You take an interest in directing emigration towards Manitoba, and as the 
publication I allude to (a pamphlet decrying Manitoba published in the interest 
of the Northern Pacific Railway), is of a nature to debar your generous efforts,, 
you may like to know my views on the matter. 

"The pamphlet says : ' The climate of Manitoba consists of seven months of 
Arctic winter, and five months of cold weather.' This, I would understand, 
from a man inhabiting the torrid zone ; but I confess it perfectly unintelligible 
when written in, and to praise the Dakota Territory, United States. 

" Here, in Manitoba, as well as in Dakota, the winter is pretty severe ; but 
our summer on the contrary is very warm ; so much so that Europeans have re- 
peatedly stated that they find it hotter than in the British Islands. For my part, 
after thirty-seven years of experience, I find the season more pleasant in Manitoba 
than in any other country I have seen. Your personal experience of our climate 
is unhappily limited to two short visits to Manitoba, but you have seen with your 
own eyes the magnificent products of our rich soil, and you are surely satisfied, as. 
I am, that such a result could not be obtained if we had no summer. 

" Kind Providence has done for this part of the Canadian possessions, at 
least as much as for the neighbouring States and Territories. So I will surprise 
nobody who knows the country in stating that our Co-British subjects who are 
willing to emigrate from their native land ought to prefer coming to Manitoba and 
the Canadian North- West." 

His Honour Lieut. -Governor Robinson. — The following is an extract from a, 
letter of His Honour Lieut. -Governor Robinson, of the Province of Ontario, 
to the Hon. J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture, dated November ist, 1882, 
v^escriptive of a recent visit to the North-West : — 

"Judging from what I saw myself, and from what I heard froin others con- 
versant with the territory whom I was continually meeting, its agricultural area 
is almost unlimited, the fertility of its soil unequalled, producing crops, such as I, 
a native of this Province, or the Ontario farmer never saw before. I met a great 
many I had known in Ontario, and others as well, settled all over this new coun- 
try, and never heard a complaint from one of them ; all speaking as if they indi- 
vidually had made the best selection, and that their particular location or grant 
from the Government was the best. I never met a more contented or hopeful 
lot of men, and well they may be, for they have the finest land under heaven as a 
free gift, ready by nature for the plough, and safe by the industry of a few years 
to place themselves and families in comfortable circumstances for the rest of 
their days. I saw several whose first year's crop had so gladdened their hearts, 
that they already fancied themselves above all want. Two friends, lately from 
England, accompanied me, and liked this grand country so much that they bought 
land for their sons, intending on their return to send the boys out next spring ;. 
and they are men who have seen many countries, and are consequently well able 
to choose and judge for themselves. I left that section of the North-West, say,, 



77 

400 miles west from Winnipeg and the Qu'Appelle Valley nearer Winnipeg, 
towards the end of October. The weather was bright and clear ; the mildness of 
it astonished me. No one could wish for better ; it was thoroughly enjoyable, 
and just the climate for strong exercise without fatigue. I do not know if you 
care to hear it, but may as well tell you, of that which pleased our English friends 
who love sport so much — that game, such as snipe, duck and prairie grouse were 
abundant, and that we were all well supplied with these luxuries on the Prairies." 
Mr. A'. IV. Cameron, of New York. — The following is an extract from a 
letter dated October 24th, 1882, written by Mr. R. W. Cameron, of New York, 
to the Hon. J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture. Mr. Cameron is a man of 
great experience : — 

" For agricultural purposes the whole plain from Winnipeg to beyond Moose 
Jaw, a distance of nearly hve hundred miles, is with small exceptions as fine in 
soil and climate as any that has come under mj' observation. I have traversed 
Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming and Colorado, and in none of them have I seen the 
depth of rich soil that I saw on the line of the C. P. R. R. The soil around Winni- 
peg, Portage la Prairie, Brandon and Regina, is the richest I have ever seen, and 
as to the climate, I visited it for the benefit of my health, which for some time 
previous was much shattered, dnd received more benefit from my month's stay in 
the North-West than I believed possible. I found myself capable of more physi- 
■cal exertion than I could possibly have stood in this climate at any time within 
the past ten years. A walk of ten miles which I made without extra exertion in 
two and a quarter hours fatigued me less than a walk of a third of the distance 
would have done here. The climate is bracing and exhilarating beyond any 
hitherto experienced by me. 

"I left Winnipeg on the i6th inst. Up to tha.t date the weather was de- 
lightful ; clear and bracing, and without frost or snow. Ploughing was pro- 
gressing all along the line of railroad. I was at Qu'Appelle on the 9th, at Ellice 
on the nth, and thence to Winnipeg on the 12th and 13th. The contractors on 
the road expected another month of Indian Summer weather foi their work. At 
Fort Ellice I met a settler just arrived from Ontario, who expected to complete 
his ploughing (which he had not then commenced), before bad weather set in. 
The crftps had all been gathered, stacked, and to a large extent threshed before 
my arrival in the country. The quality of the grain and roots, you all know about. 
I brought from the Roman Catholic Mission at Qu'Appelle some potatoes, which 
I intend to preserve for seed next spring — the finest I have ever seen. I weighed 
two that turned the scale at 4^ lbs., one of them being 2j^ lbs. The original 
seed was the " Early Rose," and the product was four times the size of the seed 
used, and for soundness and flavour no potato could surpass them. Indeed, dur- 
ing my stay in the country I never found an unsound or watery potato. I saw in 
the market at Winnipeg splendid specimens of carrots and cauliflowers. 
I also heard wonderful accounts of the soil and climate of the Saskatchewan 
Valley, but cannot speak from experience. Col. McLeod informed me at Winni- 
peg that he preferred the country around his residence at Fort McLeod to any 
portion of the North-West, and I believe that for stock-raising purposes the 
nearer you approach the Rocky Mountains the better, as there cattle can exist 
without shelter all the year round, whereas between Winnipeg and Regina I am 
satisfied that cattle and horses must be fed and housed from December to March 
or April. The native horse keeps fat and in good condition throughout the 
whole territory all the year round, and is in much better condition when taken up 
in the spring than when turned out in the autumn, but the native horse knows 
where the nutritious grass is to be found, and understands pawing the snow off" so 
as to reach it. This would not be the case with imported stock, whether horses 
or cattle. There is a great future for this part of the Dominion." 

Air. Blodgett{U. S. Author on Climatology.) — The following extract is taken 
from the work on Climatology by the eminent American author, Mr. Blodgett. 
The statements are in themselves interesting, and contain principles of the greatest 
importance. Both have been verified in a remarkable manner by the evidence 
■of facts since the author's pages were written : — 



78 

" By reference to the illustration of the distribution of heat, we see that the 
cold at the north of the great lakes does not represent the same latitude further 
west, and that beyond them the thermal li7ies rise as high in latitude, in most 
cases, as at the west of Europe. Central Russia, the Baltic districts and the 
British Islands, are all reproduced in the general structure, though the exceptions 
here fall against the advantage, while there they favour it throueh the influence 
of the Gulf Stream. 

"Climate is indisputably the decisive condition, and when we find the 
isothermal of 60° tor the summer rising on the interior American plains to the 6ist 
parallel, or fully as high as its average position for Europe, it is impossible to. 
doubt the existence of favourable climates over vast areas now unoccupied. 

"This favourable comparison may be traced for the winter also, and in the 
average for the year. The exceptional cold lor the mountain plateaux, and of the 
coast below the 43rd parallel, masks the advantage more or less to those who> 
approach these areas from the western part of the Central States, and from the 
coast of California: but though the distant mountain ranges remain high at the 
north, the width of their base, or of the plateau from which they rise, is much 
less than at the 42nd parallel. The elevated tracts are of less extent, and the 
proportion of cultivable surface is far greater. 

" It will be seen that the thermal lines for each season are thrown further 
northward on passing Lake Superior to the westward in the charts of this work 
than in those of the mihtary report prepared by the author. . . . A further' 
collection and comparison warrants the position now given to the thermal lines, 
placing them further northward than before, and extending them in a course due 
north-west from Lake Superior to the 58th parallel. For the extreme seasons, 
winter and summer, this accurate diagonal extension of the thermal lines across 
the areas of latitude and longitude is very striking. The buffalo winter on the 
upper Athabasca at least as safely as in the latitude of St. Paul, Minnesota ? 
aful the spt ing opens at nearly the same time along the immense line of plains from 
St. Paul to Mackenzie River, 

"The quantity of rain is not less important than the measure of heat to all 
purposes of occupation; and for the plains east of the Rocky Mountains there 
may reasonably be some doubt as to the sufficiency; and doubts on thisi point 
whether the desert belt of lower latitudes is prolonged to the northern limit of the 
plains. If the lower deserts are due to the altitude and mass of the mountains- 
simply, it would be natural to infer their existence along the whole line, where 
the Rocky Mountains run parallel and retain their altitude; but the dry areas are 
evidently due to other causes primarily, attd they are not found above the 4'jtk 
parallel in fact. It is decisive on the general question of the sufficiency of rain, 
to find the entire surface of the upper plains either well grassed or well wooded;- 
and recant information on these points almost warrants the assertion that there 
are no barren tracts of consequence after we pass the bad lands and the Coteau 
0/ the Missouri. Many portions of these plains are known to be peculiarly rich 
in grasses; and probably the finest tracts lie along the eastern base of the moun- 
tains, in positions corresponding to the most desert. The higher latitudes certainly 
differ widely from the plains which stretch from the Platte southward to the Llano 
Estacado of Texas, and none of the references made to them by residents or 
travellers indicate desert characteristics. BuflFalo are far more abundant on the 
northern plains, and they remain through the winter at their extreme border, 
taking shelter in the belts of woodland on the upper Athabasca and Peace Rivers. 
Grassy savannas like these necessarily imply an adequate supply of rain; and 
there can be no doubt that the correspondence with the European plains in like 
geographical position — those of Eastern Germany and Russia — is quite complete 
in this respect. If a difference exists it is in favour of the American plains, which 
have a greater proportion oj surface 7vaters, both as lakes and rivers. 

" Next. th» area, of the plains east of the Rocky Mountains is no less remark- 
able than the first for the absence of attention heretofore given to its intrinsic 
value as a productive and cultivable region within easy reach of emigration. This 



79 

is a wedge-shaped tract, ten degrees (if longitude in width at its base, along the 
47th parallel, inclined north-westward to conform to the trend of the Rocky- 
Mountains, and terminating not far from the 60th parallel in a narrow line, which 
still extends along the Mackenzie for three or four degrees of latitude, in a climate 
barely tolerable. Lord Selkirk began his efforts at colonization in the neighbour- 
hood of Winnipeg as early as 1815, and from personal knowledge he then claimed 
for this tract a capacity to support thirty millions inhabitants. All the grains of 
the cool, temperate latitudes are produced abundantly. Indian corn may be 
grown on both sides of the Saskatchewan, and the grass of the plains is singu- 
larly abundant and rich. Not only in the earliest exploration of these plains, but 
now they are the great resort for buffalo herds, which, with the domestic herds 
and horses of the Indians and the colonists, remain on them and at their wood- 
land borders throughout the year. 

"The simple fact of the presence of these vast herds of wild cattle on plains 
at so high a latitude is ample proof of the climatological and productive capacity 
of the country. Of these plains and their luoodland borders the valuable surface 
measures fully five hundred thousand square iniles.^^ 

So much for the principles affecting the conditions of climate in the Cana- 
dian North-West. It only remains to add that the farming products coincide 
with the conditions. 

'J 'he Attorney-General and Governor of the State of Wisconsin. — Hon. L. F. 
Frisby, Attorney-General, and His Honour J. M. Rusk, Governor of the State 
of Wisconsin, visited the Canadian Norih-West in the summer of 18S2. Mr. W. 
C. B. Grahame, the Immigration Agent of the Canadian tjovernmentat Winnipeg, 
being anxious to learn the views of these gentlemen, addressed to them a letter, 
to which they kindly replied. The Hon. Mr. Frisby said, under date Sept. 
23, 18S2 : — 

" I saw nothing that did not indicate thrift and prosperity. The city of 
Winnipeg is a marvel of modern times ; its rapid growth, its large and costly 
business blocks filled with the choicest and richest goods of a metropolitan city, 
its fine dwellings with their beautiful surroundings, the thousand tents sheltering 
the immigrant while engaged in erecting the more substantial place of abode, and 
the many long and heavy laden trains which came and went, impressed me with 
the conviction that the country surrounding must be rapidly improving and settling 
up. The many and large wheat fields which I saw in the Red River Valley — 
certainly, this year — indicate that for wheat raising, no place in the North-West 
can excel it. So far as one could judge from a hasty view of the country sur- 
rounding your city, it seems to me that it must attract the emigrant hither, who is 
seeking a new home in the far west. Of the climate, but little can be said from 
actual observation of a couple of days ; but from conversations had with intelligent 
gentlemen who have spent some years in your city, I am led to believe that it is 
favourable to agricultural pursuits, and withal healthful. On the whole, I formed 
a very favourable opinion of the resources and productiveness of your country." 

His Honour, Governor Rusk, wrote the following words in corroboration : — 

"Executive Office, Madison, Wis., Sept. 23, 1882. 
" I fully concur with General Frisby in the foregoing statement. 

" (Signed) [. M. RUSK, Governor." 

Archbishop I,ynch. — His Grace, Archbishop Lynch of Toronto, on the occasion 
of a visit to Ireland, wrote a letter to the editor of the Dublin Freeman' s Journal, 
under date of June 7th, 1882, in which he gives his appreciation of the suitability 
of Canada as a field for Irish immigration. His Grace wrote : — 

" I am interrogated on all sides concerning Canada by persons wishing to 
emigrate. I would feel much obliged and relieved if you would kindly publish in 
your excellent journal my answer to all. 

"I. I would not undertake to advise any one to leave Ireland who could live 
in it in moderate comfort, except, indeed, parents having large families, who see 
nothing in the future for their children but poverty "r emigration individually. 



80 

" II. The Catholic Church in Canada is in a very prosperous condition. 
Priests and churches are to be found everywhere throughout the country, and 
Catholic education is on a better footing than in the United States, where Catholics 
are obliged to support by their taxes the common or irreligious schools, as also to 
keep up their own at great expense. 

" In Canada this is not the case. Catholic taxes go to Catholic schools, 
wherever Catholics are numerous enough to establish them, and Catholics also 
receive for their schools the per capita bonus from the general fund. 

"The Government is Home Rule, such as the Government and Parliament 
of Canada, in its recent address to the Queen, desired should be granted to Ireland. 
The address assured Her Majesty that the Irish in Canada were amongst the most 
prosperous and loyal in the country. In our mind, Canada is the freest and best 
governed country in the world, and the people are happy. 

"The climate of Upper Canada, or Ontario (the English-speaking portion) 
is temperate. It is the same as the northern portion of the State of New York. 
The everlasting snow of Canada is a myth. Toronto is on the meridian of 
Florence, in ^)>aly, and resembles its heat in summer, but the winter, with the 
exception of a few days occasionally, is not colder than in Ireland. 

"The soil is very fertile, almost as fertile for wheat, potatoes, and other 
vegetables as Ireland, and excellent for raising cattle. 

" The wages for farm hands are as good as in the United States. Wages for 
mechanics generally not so good, except in Manitoba, where wages are enormous ; 
but living is cheaper in Canada than in the United States. 

"The lands in Ontario are mostly taken up by old settlers, who are selling 
out their improvements to new comers at a fair price. 

"The lands of Manitoba and the North- West — an unlimited territory formerly 
occupied by the Hudson Bay Company — are thrown on the market for homesteads 
and for sale. 

' ' The Government has reserved a large portion of land for homesteads — of 
1 60 acres— for actual settlers, who pay only a few dollars for survepng fees. 

"The climate of Manitoba and the North- West is very cold in the winter, 
but the people are well prepared for it. Besides, the air being. free from moisture, 
is not so penetrating as in Ireland, where the pores of the body are kept open by 
the humid atmosphere. The soil is, in most places, exceptionally fertile. I have 
travelled through the country and was astonished at the size of the potatoes and 
vegetables. The winter is long, but the vegetation is very rapid, and the crops 
ripen comparatively soon. The country is filling up very rapidly with inhabitants, 
many of whom sold out in Ontario, to have homesteads for their children. I have 
found Irish everywhere and prospering." 

Test of Saskatchewan Coal.— '$>vi}L)]o\rv^A is a letter from the Londonderry 
*' Steel Company of Canada (Limited)," descriptive of a test of a specimen of coal, 
brought down last fall by Mr. James Turner, of Hamilton. He says, in a letter 
addressed to the Hon. J. H. Pope, Ministet of Agriculture, dated Dec. 6, 1882: — 

" The enclosed report handed me by Senator Mclnnes will no doubt interest 
you, as the coal referred to was brought down by myself this fall from Edmonton 
as a sample of what was two years ages mined, or rather, I should say, dug out 
from about midway on the rise of the bank of the Saskatchewan directly opposite 
Edmonton." 

"Steel Company of Canada {Limited), Londonderry, N.S., Nov. 13th, 
1882. — D. Mclnnes, Esq., Cornwall. My Dear Sir, — I have received the 
analysis of the Edmonton coal. It is as follows: — 

Fast Coking. Slow Coking. 

Water i776*5 i776"5 

Ash 4'40' 440' 

Volatile Matter 28"23- 23-98- 

Fixed Carbon 49'6o* SS'^S* 

The moisture is quite heavy ; exclusive from that, however the ash is indeejl 
very small as compared to Pictou or Spring Hill coal. 



81 

The volatile matter is not very high — not as high as desirable to make it a 
good coking coal. It must be a very good steam coal if it holds its own in size. 
Altogether, I would say that it is a very fine coal, and if in sufficient quantity or 
thickness of vein, and suitable angle, should be a very valuable property. 

I am, very truly, (Signed) G. Jammie. 

Testimony of One Hundred and Fifty -Three Farmers. — The Department of 
Agriculture has published a statement respecting the suitability of Manitoba as a 
place for settlement, based upon the answers of 154 farmers, whose names and 
addresses are given, and to whom reference may at any time be made. A copy 
of this statement in pamphlet form, entitled " What Farmers Say," will be fur- 
nished post free by any of the agents of the Canadian Government on application 
by letter. These farmers testify : — • --.■^ 

(i). That both the country and the climate are healthy. oMa.SJ 

(2) That the soil is exceptionally rich, there being a black loam from one- 
to four feet in depth, resting on a clay sub-soil ; and that this soil yields good 
crops without manure. 1 

(3). That they have found no difficulty in getting wood and water for the 
purposes of their farms, but that sawn lumber is found to be at present dear. 

(4). That the prairie hay, which is very nutritious foF feed, can be obtained 
in illimitable extent for merely the cutting and drawing. 

(5). That the effect of the winter is not unfavourable on cattle. 

Thirty-seven .farmers testify that Indian- corn can be ripened. Eighty-nine 
testify to an average yield of wheat per acre, of 26^4^ bushels in 1877, of 26^ in 
1878, 26^/ in 1879, and of 29^^ bushels in 1880. The weight of this wheat is. 
very heavy, being from 63 to 66 lbs. per bushel. 

One hundred and fifteen farmers testify to the yield of oats per acre, namely, 
in 1877, 5934; bushels; in 1878, 59^ bushels; in 1879, 58 bushels, and 57^ 
bushels in 1880. 

In barley the testimony of one hundred and one farmers gives an average- 
yield of 37^ bushels per acre in 1879, and 41 bushels in 1880. 

Twenty-one farmers testify to the yield of peas per acre, giving an average of 
32 bushels in 1877, 34 bushels in 1878, 32X in 1879, and 38>^ bushels in 1880. 
Some of the yields of peas were very much larger and some smaller than these 
averages, the yields evidently depending on the farming. 

Ninety- two farmers testify to an average yield of 318 bushels of potatoes per 
acre in 1880. W. H. J. Swain, of Morris, has produced 800 to 1,000 bushels of 
turnips to the acre, and 60 bushels of beans have also been raised by him per acre; 
S. C. Higginson, of Oakland, has produced cabbages weighing 17^ lbs. each;. 
Allan Bell, of Portage La Prairie, has had cabbages 45 inches around, and turnips, 
weighing 25 pounds each; Thos. B. Patterson has realized 40 tons of turnips to- 
the acre, some of them weighing as much as 20 pounds each; Robt. E. Mitchell, 
of Cook's Creek, raised a squash of six weeks' growth measuring 5 feet 6 inches 
around the centre; Wm. Moss, of High Bluff, has produced carrots weighing II 
pounds each, and turnips measuring 36 inches in circumference; James Airth, of 
Stonewall, states that the common weight of turnips is twelve pounds each, and 
some of them have gone as high as thirty-two and a half pounds; Isaac Casson, 
of Green Ridge, has raised 270 bushels of onions to the acre; John Geddes, of 
Kildonan, states that he has raised 300 bushels of carrots and 800 bushels of tur- 
nips per acre; John Kelly, of Morris, has produced from 800 to 1,000 bushels of 
turnips to the acre; Joshua Appleyard, of Stonewall, also states his crop of turnips 
to have been r,ooo bushels per acre, the common weight being 12 pounds each; 
Ed. Scott, of Portage La Prairie, raised 400 bushels ot turnips from half an acre 
of land; VV. H. J. Swain, of Morris, had citrons weighing 18 pounds each; 
Francis Ogletree, of Portage La Prairie, produced onions measuring 4! inches 
through the centre; A; V. Beckstead, of Emerson, gives his experience as fol- 
lows: Mangel Wurtzel weighing 27 pounds each, beet weighing 23 pounds each, 
cabbages weighing 49 pounds each, onions each i^ pounds in weight; W. B. 
Hall, of Headingly, has raised carrots 3 inches in diameter, beets^ weighing 20- 
pounds each, and gives the weight of his turnips generally at 12; pounds each; 



82 

Philip McKay, of Portage La Prairie, took 200 bushels of turnips from one quarter 
of an acre of land, some of them weighing 25 pounds each; he has produced car- 
rots 4 inches in, diameter and 14 inches long, has had cabbages measuring 26 inches 
in diameter solid head and four feet with the leaves on; his onions have measured 
16 inches in circumference, and cauliflower heads 19 inches in diameter. James 
Lawrie & Bro., of Morris, have produced turnips 30 inches in circumference, 
onions 14 inches and melons 30 inches; they had one squash which measured 
about the same size as an ordinary flour barrel. James Owens, of Pointe Du 
C-hene, had turnips 30 pounds each, onions 14 inches around, and cucumbers 18 
.inches long; Neil Henderson, of Cook's Creek, has raised 1,000 bushels of turnips 
to the acre, carrots 5 inches in diameter and 18 inches long, while his onions have 
frequently measured 5 inches through; Jas. Bedford, of Emerson, has raised 1,000 
bushels of turnips to the acre. It must be remembered, moreover, that none of 
the farmers mentioned above used any special cultivation to produce the results 
we have described, and out of nearly 200 reports which we have received from 
settlers concerning the growth of roots and vegetables in the Canadian North- 
West, not one has been unfavourable. 

Hon. Mr: Sutherland. — The Hon. John Sutherland, a member of the Senate, 
gave the following evidence before a Committee in 1876 : — 

•' I have been in the North- West all my life. I was born within the corpor- 
ation of Winnipeg. My age is fifty-three years. I am a practical farmer. 

"From my long experience there, and from what I have sefen in other 
provinces, I have come to the conclusion that the soil, climate and other natural 
advantages of Manitoba are conducive to successful farming, and that a poor man 
can more easily make a living there than in other parts of the Dominion. 

"The usual depth of alluvial deposit on the prairie is about two and a half 
feet, and on bottom lands from two and a half to twenty feet. The natural 
grasses are very nutritious, and cattle can be wintered without any coarse grain, 
neither is it customary to feed any grain except to milch cows or stall-fed 
animals ■. • ■ 

" I consider the North -West as very well adapted for dairy purposes, as we 
have many miles of natural meadows throughout the country, and hay can be cut 
and cured for .about $1 per ton. We have five or six varieties of grasses that are 
good and well adapted for stock-feeding, while a few others are not so suitable. 

"We have occasional frosts ; generally one frost about the first of June, but 
not severe enough to injure the growing crops, and showers are frequent during 
summer. The average depth of snow throughout Manitoba is about 20 inches, 
and is quite light and loose • • • 

"I consider the country healthy, and we have not been subject to any 
epidemic. We had fever in Winnipeg in 1875, but none in the country places. 
It was brought into Winnipeg, and it owed its continuance there, no doubt, to 
overcrowded houses and insufficient drainage 

"The average yield of grain is, wheat, about 30 bushels per acre; oats, 
about 40 ; barley, about 35 ; peas, about 50 bushels. 

" The soil and climate are well adapted for growing root crops. Our potatoes 
axe pronounced the best in the world. Indian corn is not extensively cultivated, 
and I think the large kind could not be cultivated 

"I think that extensive settlement will prevent the ravages of the grass- 
hoppers, and we have good reason to believe that we will be exempt from them 
during the coming season, as there were no deposits of eggs in the province in 
1875, and, in all probability, we will be relieved from that plague for many years 
to come. To my own knowledge, the province was not aflected by grasshoppers 
for forty years previous to 1867, since which date we have had them off and on." 

Professof Macoun.—?>Y>e2kiT\g of the country in the higher latitudes, nine 
degrees north. pf the boundary, Prof. Macoun stated in his evidence before the 
Immigration Committee : — 

"At Vermillion, Lat. ^8° 24, I had a long conversation with old Mr. Shaw, 
who has had charge of this Fort for sixteen years; he says the frosts never injure 
anything on this part of the river, and every kind of garden stuff can be grown. 



83 

Barley sown on the 8th May, cut 6th August, ami the finest I ever saw; many 
ears as long as my hand, and the whole crop thick and stout. In my opinion this 
is the finest tract of country on the river. The general level of the country is less 
than lOO feet above it. 

"At Little River I found everything in a very forward state. Cucumbers 
started in the open air were fully ripe ; Windsor, pole beans and peas were like- 
wise ripe August 15th. Fort Chippeweyan, at the entrance to Lake Atha- 
basca, has very poor soil in its vicinity, being largely composed of sand ; still, 
here I obtained fine samples of wheat and barley, the former weighing 68 lbs. to 
the bushel, and the latter 58 lbs. The land here is very low and swampy, being 
but little elevated above the lake. At the French Mission, two miles above the 
Fort, oats, wheat and barley were all cut by the 26th August. Crop rather light 
on the ground. 

"Mr. Hardisty, Chief Factor in charge of Fort Simpson, in Lat. 61 N., 
informed me that barley always ripened there, and that wheat was sure four times 
out of five. Melons, if started under glass, ripen well. Frost seldom does them 
much damage. 

"Chief Trader Macdougall says that Fort Liard, in Lat. 6i''' N., has the 
warmest summer temperature in the whole region, and all kinds of grain and 
garden stuff always come to maturity. He has been on the Yucon for twelve 
years, and says that most years barley ripens under the Arctic Circle in Long. 

"The localities mentioned were not chosen for their good soil, but for the 
facilities which they afforded for carrying on the fur trade, or for mission purposes. 
Five-sixths of all the land in the Peace River section is just as good as the point 
cited, and will produce as good crops in the future. The reason so little is culti- 
vated is owing to the fact that the inhabitants, whiles and Indians, are flesh eaters. 
Mr. Macfarlane, Chief Factor in charge of the Athabasca District, told me that 
just as much meal is eaten by the Indians when they receive flour and potatoes as 
without them. 

"At the Forks of the Athabasca, Mr. Moberly, the gentleman in charge, has 
a first-class garden, and wheat and barley of excellent quality. He has cut an 
immense quantity of hay, as the Hudson Bay Company winter all the oxen and 
horses used on Melhy Portage at this point. He told me that in a year or two 
the Company purposed supplying the whole interior from this locality with food, 
as the deer were getting scarce and the supplies rather precarious. This is the 
identical spot where Mr. Pond had a garden filled with European vegetables 
when Sir Alexander Mackenzie visited it in 1787. 

" From my former answers it will be seen that al)out the 20th of April plough- 
ing can commence on Peace River, and from data in mj- possession the same may 
be said of the Saskatchewan regions generally. It is a curious fact that spring 
seems to advance froin north-west to south-east at a rate of about 250 miles per 
day, and that in the fall winter begins in Manitoba first and goes westward at the 
same rate. The following data selected from various sources will throw consider- 
able light on the question of temperature. It is worthy of note that Halifax, on 
the sea coast, is nearly as cold in spring and summer as points more than twelve 
degrees further north. 

"Spring, summer and autumn temperature at various points, to which is added 
the mean temperature of July and August, the two ripemng months. 

Latitude Summer. Spring. Autumn. July & 

north. August. 

Cumberland House 53.37 62.62 33.04 32.70 64.25 

Fort Simpson 61. 51 59.48 26.66 27.34 62.31 

Fort Chippeweyan 58.42 58.70 22.76 31.89 60.60 

Fort William 48.24 59-94 39-67 37-8o 60.52 

Montreal 45-31 67.26 39-03 45-i8 68.47 

Toronto 43-40 64.43 42-34 46.81 66.51 

Temiscamingue 47.19 65.23 37-58 40.07 66.43 

Halifax 44-39 61.00 3167 46-67 66.55 



84 

Belleville 44. lo temperature nearly that of Toronto. 

Dunvegan, Peace River 56,08 average summer six months 54'4+- 

Edmonton 53.31 39.70 

Carleton 52.52 35.70 

Winnipeg 49-52 64.76 30.13 35.29 65.32: 

"Any unprejudiced person making a careful examination of the above figures 
will be struck with the high temperatures obtained in the interior. Edmonton 
has a higher spring temperature than Montreal, and is eight degrees farther north 
and over 2,000 feet above the sea. The temperatures of Carleton and Edmonton 
are taken from Captain Palliser's explorations in the Saskatchewan country during 
the years 1857 and 1858. It will be seen that the temperature of the months 
when grain ripens is about equal throughout the whole Dominion from Montreal 
to Fort Simpson, north of Great Slave Lake. The country, in my opinion, is 
well suited for stock raising throughout its whole extent. The winters are cer- 
tainly cold, but the climate is dry, and the winter snows are light both as to depth 
and weight. All kinds of animals have thicker coats in cold climates than in 
warm ones, so that the thicker coat counterbalances the greater cold. Dry snow 
never injures cattle in Ontario. No other kind ever falls in Manitoba or the 
North-West, so that there can be no trouble from this cause. Cattle winter just 
as well on the Athabasca and Peace Rivers as they do in Manitoba; and Mr. 
Grant, who has been living on Rat Creek, Manitoba, for a number of years, says 
that cattle give less trouble there than they do in Nova Scotia. Horses winter 
out without feed other than what they pick up, from Peace River to Manitoba. 
Sheep, cattle, and horses will require less attention and not require to be fed as. 
long as we now feed them, in Ontario. Owing to the light rainfall the uncut grass. 
is almost as good as hay when the winter sets in, which it does without the heavy 
rains of the east. This grass remains good all winter, as the dry snow does not 
rot it. In the spring the snow leaves it almost as good as ever, so that cattle can 
eat it until the young grass appears. From five lo six months is about the time 
cattle will require to be fed, and shelter will altogether depend on the farmer." 

And again, referring to the region supposed to be desert. Prof. Macoun con- 
tinues : — 

"Mr. George Dawson, speaking of this region, says : 'In July of last sum- 
mer (1873) I saw a band of cattle in the vicinity of the line south of Wood. 
Mountain, which had strayed from one of the United States forts to the south. 
They were quite wild, and almost as difficult of approach as the buffalo; and 
notwithstanding the fact that they had come originally from Texas, and were- 
unaccustomed to frost and snow, they had passed through the winter andVere in, 
capital condition.' " 

EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF TENANT FARMERS' DELEGATES FROM THE 
UNITED KINGDOM. 

In 1879-80 a number of delegates from tenant farmers in the United Kingdom; 
were invited to visit Canada, for the purpose of examining into and reporting;; 
upon its suitability as a field for settlement by their class. All these gentlemen 
were men of great intelligence and good standing; and they did, as they were: 
invited, report their honest opinions. The following are some extracts : — 

Mr. Biggar, The Gramme, Dalbeattie. — As a field for wheat raising, I would 
much prefer Manitoba to Dakota. The first cost of the land is less; the soil is. 
deeper, and will stand more cropping; the sample of wheat is better, and the 
produce five to ten bushels per acre more, all of which is profit." 

Mr. George Cowan, Annan, speaking of Mr. Mackenzie's farm at Burn- 
side, says: — "I was certainly surprised at the wonderful fertility of the soil, 
which is a rich black loam, averaging about 18 inches of surface soil, on friable- 
clay subsoil, 5 and 6 feet in depth, beneath which is a thin layer of sand, lying; 
on a stiff clay. The land is quite dry, and is well watered by a fine stream which: 
flows through it." 



85 

'The land between Rapid City and the Assiniboine, which lies to the south- 
ward, 25 miles distant, is a nice loam with clay subsoil on top of gravel. I was 
very highly impressed with the fertility of the soil, some of it being without excep- 
tion the richest I have ever seen, and I have little doubt it will continue for many 
years to produce excellent crops of grain without any manure, and with very little 
expense in cultivation." 

Mr. John Logan, Earhton, Benvick, says : — "All the land round this dis- 
trict (Assiniboine) is very good, being four feet deep of black loam, as we saw 
from a sandpit." 

Mr. John Snow, Midlothian. — "Along the Red River and about Winnipeg 
the soil is very strong black vegetable mould, and I have no doubt most of it would 
carry paying crops of wheat for thirty years ; but it is very flat, and I must say 
that I like the country better west of Winnipeg, and the furthest point we reached 
(150 miles west of Winnipeg) best of all. You have here the Little Saskatchewan 
River, with fine sloping ground on each side; the soil and what it produced was 
good, as you will see from the samples of each I now show you. I also show you 
samples from other parts; and, as I will show you further on, the Americans 
themselves admit that we have ground better adapted for growing wheat and 
raising cattle than they have." 

" We saw that a black vegetable mould covered the surface from 18 inches 
to 2, 3 or 4 feet deep." 

Mr. Robert Peat, Silloth, Cumberland. — Soil. — Contrary to my expecta- 
tions, instead of finding a wet swamp, as I pictured to my own mind, I found a 
deep, black, loamy soil, varying in depth from ij^ to 3^ feet ; and in some places 
where it has been cut through on the banks of some rivers, it has been found to 
the depth of 10 to 12 feet, and is specially adapted for the growing of wheat, 
being preferred by the millers to almost any other on account of it being so dry 
and thin skinned. It has -been known to grow wheat for many years in succes- 
sion without manure. If the report was correct, the soil I have sent down to 
you has grown wheat for thirty years, and the last crop yielded 35 bushels per 
acre." 

Mr. John Maxwell, Carlisle. — The soil throughout the country is a rich 
black loam, 6 inches to 6 feet deep, almost entirely free from stones, and varying 
in quality in different districts, on a subsoil of strong or friable clay or sand." 

The average wheat yield in Manitoba and the North- West would appear to 
range from 20 to 30 bushels per acre, and the weight from 60 to 63 lbs. per 
bushel. Barley and oats yield "good averages, as also potatoes and other root 
crops. 

The following figures, taken from the reports of the delegates of the English 
and Scotch tenant farmers, may also be found interesting on this point : — 

Mr. James Biggar, of the Grange, Dalbeattie, says : "We heard very dif- 
ferent statements of the yield of wheat, varying from 25 to 40 busheis. McLean, 
a farmer, near Portage, had 1,230 bushels of Fife wheat off 40 acres. Another 
man, a native of Ross-shire, who was ploughing his own land, told us he had 
cropped it for seventeen years in succession, his last crop yielding 35 bushels per 
acre. Mr. Ryan, M.P., a good authority, said the average of wheat might safely 
be taken at 25 to 30 bushels, and of oats 60 bushels. . . . Next day we 
drove over Messrs. Riddle's farm ; their wheat has averaged fully 30 bushels per 
acre." 

Mr. George Cowan, Glenluce, JVigtown, says: — " Mr. Mackenzie's farm 
is at Burnside, about nine miles from Portage la Prairie. * * He favoured me 
with his average for the seasons of 1877 ^rid 1878, and his estimate for the present 
year. Wheat crop, 1877, 41 bushels; 1878, 36 bushels; this year (1879) he 
expects it to be close on 40 bushels, average weight 60 to 62 lbs. ; but he has 
grown it as high as 64 lbs. per bushel. Oats last year (1878) he had a yield of 88 
bushels from two bushels of seed sown on one acre; this year (1879) his estimate 
is from 75 to 80 bushels per acre. Mr. M. also grows excellent root crops, his 
swede turnips averaging 30 to 35 tons ; and potatoes, without any care in cultiva- 



86 

ion, sometimes even not being moulded up, yield between 300 and 400 bushels of 
60 lbs. Onions, when cultivated, are also very prolific, yielding as much as 300 
bushels per acre. Mangel also grows very heavy crops, but I did not see any on 
the ground." 

" We spent a short time on the farm of Mr. McBeth, and walked over a field 
which I was informed had been continuously under crop for fifty-four years. . . 
I was told it would average 28 or 30 bushels per acre." 

Mr. R. W. Gordon, Annan. — "Wheat may safely be estimated to yield 
with reasonable cultivation 30 bushels of 60 lbs., and oats 60 bushels of 32 lbs." 

Mr. Logan, Earhton, speaking of the yield about High Bluff says : — "The 
land here has grown wheat for forty years in succession, yielding from 25 up to 
40 bushels per acre. There are not many oats sown here, but the general pro- 
duce is 70 bushels per acre." 

' ' We arrived at Portage on Saturday afternoon. . . . He told- us he 
had grown good crops at an average of 32 bushels per acre of 60 lbs. weight." 

Mr. Snow, Fountain Hall, Midlothian. — " I consider I keep safely 
within the mark when I say that taking a good piece of land, it will produce 40 
bush e s the first year, and an average of 30 bushels for thirty years, without 
manure." 

Mr. John Maxwell, Carlisle.— "I give an estimate of the cost of wheat 
crop in Dakota. The same system may be adopted in the Canadian North-West 
to advantage, as the average yield, so far as can be learned on present informa- 
tion, will be 8 to 10 bushels per acre higher than the yield in Dakota, United 
States Territory, and every extra bushel produced tends to reduce the first cost 
per bushel to the producer." 

All the other delegates confirm these figures. 

The extracts above given were of the gentlemen who came in 1879. In l88a 
there came 

Mr. J. P. Sheldon, Professor of Agriculture, Wilts and Hants' Agricultural 
College, Downton, Salisbury. 

Mr. Hugh McLean, Rhu, Tarbert, Argyllshire. 
Mr. George Curtis, Woodside, Silsden, Leeds. 
Mr. R. H. B. p. Anderson, Listowel, County Kerry, Ireland. 
Mr. W. Cubitt, Bacton Abbey, North Walshara, Norfolk. 
Mr. Peter Imrie, Cawder-Cuilt, Maryhill, Lanark. 
Mr. J. Sparrow, Woodlands Farm, Doynton, near Bath, 
Mr. G. Brodkrick, Hawes, Wensleydale, Yorks. 
Mr. John Sagar, Waddington, near Clitheroe, Lancashire. 
The reports of these gentlemen were, if anything, more favourable than those 
of the delegates of the previous year. Persons desiring to obtain the full testimony 
given by them on almost every feature of the Dominion, cannot do better than 
to consult these reports. A copy will be furnished by post without charge on 
application ta any Government Agent. The names of these agents are elsewhere 
given in this Guide Book. 

Harvey J. Philpot, M.D. — The following is an extract from a book written by 
Dr. Harvey Philpot, Assistant Surgeon to Her Majesty's Forces in the Crimea : — 
" Canada is an exceptionally healthy country. I do not hesitate to make the 
statement after seven years in the country engaged in an extensive medical 
practice. As a race the Canadians are fine, tall, handsome, powerful men, well 
built, active, tough as a pine knot, and bearded like pards. The good food upon 
which they have been brought up, with the invigorating climate, appears to develop 
them to the fullest proportions of \h& genus homo." 

Mr. Marshall. — This author, in his recent work on Canada, said : — "I am 
persuaded that despite its severity, the climate of Canada is one of the healthiest 
in the world. It is expressly fitted to develope a hardy race. For the bringing 
up of a young family, it is to be preferred very decidedly to the climate of almost 
a.]] the .States of the Union south of the chain of Canadian lakes. The fact of the 



87 

enerally healthy condition of the people, the splendid aevelopment of :he men, 
the preservation of the English type of beauty of the women, may be taken in 
proof of the excellence of the climate. The Canadian, whether English, Irish 
or Scotch, is well-proportioned and vigorous, often tall, with broad shoulders, 
sinewy frame, and capable of great endurance. He is quick of resource, enter- 
prising, sober-minded, persistent and trustworthy. The races of the British Isles 
and of Norway have certainly not degenerated here." 

Mr. /. W. Taylor. — The United States Consul at Winnipeg, in a recent 
letter written to a St. Paul newspaper, made the following statements: — "In 
1871, Mr. Archibald, the well-known proprietor of the Dundas Mills in Southern 
Minnesota, visited Manitoba. He remarked that the spring wheat in his country 
was deteriorating (softening), and he sought a change of seed to restore its flinty 
texture. He timed his visit to Winnipeg with the harvest, and found the quality 
of grain he desired, but the yield astonished him. ' Look,' said he, with a head 
of wheat in his hand, 'we have had an excellent harvest in Minnesota, but I 
never saw more than two well-formed grains in each group or cluster, forming a 
row, but here the rule is three grains in each cluster. Thai's the difference 
between 20 and 30 bushels per acre.' More recently Prof. Macoun, the botanist 
of the Canadian Pacific Railway Survey, has shown me two heads of wheat, one 
fi-om Prince Albert, a settlement near the forks of the Saskatchewan, latitude 53 
north, longitude 106 west; and another from Fort Vermillion, on Peace River, 
latitude 59 north, longitude 116 west, and from each cluster of the two I sepa- 
rated five well formed grains with a corresjjonding length of the head. Here was 
the perfection of the wheat plant, attained, according to the well-known physical 
law, near the most northern limit of its successful growth." 

Hon. W. W. Ogilvie. — The Hon. Mr. Ogilvie, a member of the Senate of 
Canada, and connected with the largest milling firm in the Dominion, wTote a 
letter as follows, under date Nov. 15th, 1879: — "We like Manitoba wheat 
because it contains more gluten than any other, This is the quality that is required 
to make a large light loaf of bread ; there is nothing in the seed they have ; it is 
altogether in the soil, which is new, dark and deep; it has a greater depth of dark 
soil than any part of the United States, and is likely to grow 25 to 40 bushels of 
wheat per acre for thirty to fifty years without manure; and you will get 12 lbs. 
more, and much better bread, from 100 lbs. of Manitoba wheat flour than from 
Ontario wheat flour. It will also give 2 to 3 lbs. more flour per bushel than 
Ontario wheat. The wheat of Ontario is every year getting weaker, and contain- 
ing more starch and less gluten, so that this year we find it impossible to make 
good flour out of it. The element required for growing good wheat has passed 
out of the land, and no manuring will restore it. You may be able to grow a 
good yield out of good-looking wheat, but it will not have gluten enough to make 
good bread. The same thing exists in the Middle and Eastern States. The 
sooner Ontario, like New York, gives up growing wheat and turns to dairy and 
cattle the better, ... I have travelled over the wheat fields of Europe, 
Asia and Africa, and know very well all the wheat lands of the United States 
€xcept California, but I have never seen wheat lands equal to Manitoba and the 
North-West Territory." 

This letter establishes the superiority of the wheat grown in the North-West 
for milling purposes, and especially for the new patent process, with rollers. 
But it does not necessarily imply that if the land in Ontario, or more southern parts 
of Canada adjoining the United States, does not grow wheat of this quality, that 
it is not adapted for other uses, which in the eyes of many may be preferable. 
For instance, all the other Provinces of the Dominion are especially favourably 
situated for stock-raising ; for which industry a very profitable market has recently 
been opened in connection with the cattle export trade to the United Kingdom. 
A change of products, from the cereals to stock-raising, would in fact probably be 
advantageous in many parts of the older settled Provinces ; and would in a short 
time very much increase their capacity for the growth of cereals, in such way as 
to render competition possible in quantities, per acre, at least, with the North- 
West , 



Chapter X.— INFORMATION AND ADVICE FOR INTEND- 
ING EMIGRANTS. 

The first general advice to be given to the intending emigrant before he starts, 
or the immigrant after arrival, is that he should apply to the nearest agent of the 
Canadian Government he can find for any information or advice he may desire to 
obtain, and he may always rely on the perfect honesty of any statement made to 
him by any Government agent. All Dominion agents are strictly charged not to. 
make any exaggerated or misleading statements. 

In the United Kingdom all arrangements for emigration to the Dominion, 
are placed under the direction of the High Commissioner for Canada. The fol- 
lovi^ing is a list of the Canadian Government Agents, including the High Com- 
missioner : — 

LONDON Sir Alexander T. Galt, G. C. M. G., &c., High Commissioner 

for the Dominion, lo, Victoria Chambers, London, S. W. 
Mr. J. CoLMER, Secretary, High Commissioner's Office, (Address 
as above). 
LIVERPOOL.. Mr. John Dyke, 15 Water Street. 

GLASGOW Mr. Thomas Grahame, St. Enoch Square. 

BELFAST Mr. Charles Foy, 29 Victoria Place. 

DUBLIN Mr. Thomas Connolly, Northumberland House. 

BRISTOL Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. 

Information and pamphlets may also be obtained in many mstances irom the 
agents of the Steamship Companies. Many of these are supplied with pamphlets, 
maps and reports, issued by the Canadian Government. In Canada the Govern- 
ment has agents at the principal points throughout the country. The following 
is a list : — 

QUEBEC Mr. L. Stafford, Point Levis, Quebec. 

TORONTO. ..Mr. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. 

OTTAWA Mr. W. J. Wills, Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario. 

MONTREAL. Mr. J. J. Daley, Bonaventure Street, Montreal, Province of Quebec. 
KINGSTON.. Mr. R. Macpherson, William Street, Kingston, Ontario. 
HAMILTON. Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway Station, Hamilton, Ont. 

LONDON Mr. A. G. Smyth, London, Ontario. 

HALIFAX. ...Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

ST. JOHN Mr. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick. 

WINNIPEG. Mr. W. C. B. Grahame, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
EMERSON.. .Mr. J. E. Tetu, Railway Station, Emerson, Manitoba. 
BRANDON. ..Mr. Thcs. Bennet, Office at the Railway Station. 

Other agents will be appointed for the North- West as the opening up of the 
country requires them. 

At all of the above-mentioned places there are offices and stations ; at which 
all immigrants may rest and obtain temporary accommodation and comfort upon 
their arrival. 

These officers will afford the fullest advice and protection. They should be 
immediately applied to on arrival. All complaints should be addressed to them. 
They will also furnish information as to lands open for settlement in their respec- 
tive provinces and districts, farms for sale, demand for employment, rates of 
wages, routes of travel, distances, expenses of conveyance ; and will receive and 
forward letters and remittances for settlers, &c. 

The immigrant may also write to the Department of Agriculture of the 
Government of Canada, at Ottawa, for any information he may desire to obtain. 
Letters addressed "Department of Agriculture, Ottawa," are post-free. This. 
Department will also supply maps and pamphlets when required. 

All emigrants to Canada, with scarcely any exception, are now carried by 
ocean steamers, which are in every way better fitted and supplied for this service 
than the old sailing vessels. Emigrants are brought quickly over in eight or ten 
days, being amply supplied with good food. The numbers which can be carried 
even in the most crowded or busiest times, are limited by the Imperial Passengers' 
Act to such as can be properly carried without resorting to overcrowding, or such 
crowding as would be injurious to health. A certain number of feet of space is 



89 



■prescribed by law for each passenger. The steamships are in all cases inspected 
by officers of the Imperial Government before the departure of the steamship, to 
ensure the carrying out of the provisions of the Passengers' Act. 

The steamship owners are, however, as a rule, sufficiently alive to the con- 
ditions necessary to secure the comfort and well-being of their passengers, m 
order to continue to deserve public support, it being certain that those whom they 
have carried will send reports to their friends. From all this care and interest it 
follows, there is now very seldom room for any reasonable complaints. The old 
ship diseases which were so common and so disastrous under the old system are 
now almost unknown. 

IMMIGRANT STATIONS IN CANADA. 

At Quebec, on the Point Levis side, is the principal port of entry in Canada 
for immigrants from beyond the sea, and the Government at that point maintains a 
large establishment for'the reception and proper care of immigrants immediately 
upon their arrival. They can here obtain tickets for any point to which they may 
desire to go inland, if they have not been provided with through tickets before 
sailing. In this last case their steamship tickets are exchanged at this point. 
All their luggage is landed here, and passed through the Custom House, and all 
immigrants' effects in use enter duty free. 

immigrants can at this point obtain meals or provisions for use on the rail- 
way trains on very reasonable terms, under arrangements made by the Govern- 
ment and supervised by Government officials. Those who are absolutely indigerit 
have meals provided for them at the expense of the Government; but as a riile it 
is better, and more consistent with the self-respect and self-reliance which is so 
generally the rule in a new country, that all those should pay their way who can. 
Immigrants may mail letters or send telegrams to their friends from this point; 
and they may also exchange any money they may bring with them for the cur- 
rency or' money of the country without suffering any loss ia difference of values 
in these transactions, the Government officials supervising everything under rules 
by which they are guided from the Department at Ottawa. 

It is intended \o have new and commodious buildings erected at South Quebec 
in time for the season of emigration of 1S83, and it is confidently believed that 
nowhere on the Continent can more perfect arrangements be found for the pro- 
tection, care and comfort of immigrants. 

Immigrants who have any complaints of treatment on ship-board should 
make thein immediately after arriving to Mr. Stafford, the Government agent, and 
he will take what action is necessary in the circumstances; but, as stated above, 
the arrangements and care are now so perfect on board the steamers, and particu- 
larly those of the principal lines, that there is very little room for anything of this 
kind. The stringent laws and rules under which they act were really made for a 
past state of things; but it is well it should be known that such protection exists. 
The laws passed by the Canadian Parliament contain strict provisions for the 
protection of immigrants, and for imposing severe penalties for all attempts to 
practice imposition upon them. 

There is at Quebec a medical officer of the Government, called the Inspect- 
ing Physician. His duty is to visit all immigrants on their arrival, and any of them 
who may be found sick receive careful attention and medical treatment, together 
with all necessary comforts. 

Those immigrants who have not fixed destinations are generally directed by 
the Government Agent to those places where they can find work. 

Another officer of the Canadian Government travels with the immigrants on 
the trains to see that their wants are properly provided for, and that they are not 
subjected to any imposition on the road. 

At Montreal, where there is an emigrant station, the immigrants are received 
by another agent of the Government. The indigent are supplied with meals, 
while those who can pay their own way are supplied, at very reasonable rates, by 
a Government contractor, under the supervision of the Government agent. 

The same care and guidance accompanies them west to Kingston, Ottawa,^ 
Toronto, Hamilton, and London, Ont. ; and still further west to the Province of 



90 

Manitoba and the North West Territory — Emerson, Winnipeg, Brandon, and 
Qu'Appelle, at all of which places there are Government agents and stations. 
The station at Toronto, which is the distributing point for the Province of 
Ontario, is a very extensive building, at which immigrants can rest and wash 
and clean themselves, and obtain meals. Generally, those seeking for employ- 
ment immediately find it, the demand for labour of late having been in excess of 
the supply. 

PERSONS WHO SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT EMIGRATE TO CANADA. 

The information under this heading is fully given at page 5 of this Guide 
Book, to which the reader is referred. Allusion is here made to it, as it properly 
forms a consideration under the heading of this chapter of information and advice 
for intending emigrants. 

THE TIME TO EMIGRATE. 

Generally speaking, the best time to emigrate is in the very early spring for 
all classes of agriculturists. The agricultural labourer will then find his services 
in demand with the busy time that always comes during seed-time in Canada ^ 
and the agriculturist who intends to take up land for himself will arrive at the 
beginning of the season's operations. The agriculturist who goes to Manitoba 
may, by getting in a crop of oats or potatoes during the month of May or the first 
week in June, contribute greatly to the support of himself and family during the 
first year. Or, again, if the agricultural labourer arrives in summer, about harvest 
time, he will find great demand and high wages for his services during the harvest 
months ; and he will have no difficulty in getting on well from this point. 

The farmer, too, who desires to take up land, if he comes in the summer 
time, may see the crops growing, and may thus have an opportunity to choose at 
leisure, and with advantage, the most advantageous location. In Manitoba and 
the North- West too, the summer and autumn months are the best for moving 
about the country in search of land ; or, as it is commonly called, "land-hunting," 
for a suitable spot on which to settle. Having selected it, he may proceed to 
erect his house, and make his preparations for living over the winter ; and, if he 
has means to do this, he may make his start with great advantage in the spring 
from being on the spot. 

Common labourers and railway labourers, or navvies, may find work during 
any of the open months, that is, in spring, summer and autumn ; and a great deal 
of work is now done in winter time by this class of labourers, particularly where 
rock-cutting and blasting are necessary ; and there is also other work now done 
in the winter. Labourers of this kind will, as a rule, find their services most in 
demand in the open months, while the demand for them in the winter months 
will be much more limited. It is better, therefore, for labourers of this class to 
come during the summer months. It would not be advisable for any large num- 
ber to come in the winter. 

As respects mechanics connected with all the building trades, the same re- 
marks apply. Very large numbers of buildings will be erected in the old Provinces 
and in Manitoba and the North-West, for some time to come, in consequence of 
the rapid extension of railways, and the necessary buildings connected with them, 
and also in consequence of the very rapid settlement which is taking place in 
Manitoba and the North-West. 

Other mechanical operations connected with machinery, all branches of 
metal working, and carriage-making, being conducted indoors, employ labour at 
all seasons of the year ; and the demand for such labour in the several branches 
being to some extent special, will be from time to time specially made known. 
The demand in these branches has not any limit of seasons. 

Female Domestic Servants may come during any month of the year, either 
winter or summer. There is a steady and great demand for this class at all 
seasons of the year, and it is likely to continue, especially in view of the very 
great extent of territory which is being settled in the North-West and the excess 
of males over females in the population. Servant girls coming to Canada have 



91 

not only the advantage of being sure to find good places, but they have better 
prospects of settling themselves comfortably in life, and themselves becoming 
heads of families, than in older communities. There is the special great advan- 
tage for this class in coming in the winter, namely, the steamships are less 
crowded, The voyage can be as safely made in winter as in summer, and nearly 
as comfortably, the temperature of the ocean not being much affected by the 
seasons. 

It is advised, as elsewhere stated in this Guide Book, that farmers and all 
others who come to Canada with means should immediately on their arrival deposit 
their money in a bank. The Savings Banks connected with the Post Office, for 
the security of which the Government is responsible, allow 4 per cent, interest on 
deposits. The Savings Banks connected with any of the chartered banks allow 
the same rate of interest, and deposits in any of these banks are specially pro- 
tected and absolutely secure. Time should be taken to look carefully about before 
investing, that step being of the last and greatest importance. The money, while 
the immigrant is thus looking about, instead of being in danger of being lost, is 
on the contrary earning; and he himself may with advantage in many cases do 
the same if any suitable work should offer, and thus have time to learn more 
fully and particularly the ways of the country. 

OCEAN FARES AND BEST WAY TO REACH CANADA. 

Formerly an advice was given to intending immigrants to select steamships 
instead of sailing vessels, although the fares for the former might be a little more 
expensive. It is now scarcely necessary to repeat this advice, as few would now 
think of selecting a sailing vessel for a passage across the Atlantic, more particu- 
larly as the steerage fares are now so reasonable; and these again, in their turn, 
so much reduced by the assisted passage rates of the Canadian Government. 

Of course the intending emigrant will find out the days of sailing of the 
steamships by the hand-bills or advertisements which are now so very generally 
published; and he will also find by the same means the rates of passage— cabin, 
intermediate and steerage. It may here be particularly pointed out, however, that 
the most favourable rales of assisted passages are offered to female domestic ser- 
vants and families of agricultural labourers. Assisted passages are, however, 
afforded to other labourers and certain classes of mechanics and agriculturists. 
The Government assisted passage, as regards the former class, is less than half of 
the ordinary advertised rates of steerage passage. The assisted passages are con- 
fined to the steerage, and do not apply to either the intermediate or saloon 
passage. Application should be made to any Government Agent to obtain infor- 
mation respecting the rates of assisted passages and the conditions necessary to 
obtain them. 

The saloon passage, includes all provisions and stateroom. The intermediate 
passage includes provisions, beds, bedding, and all necessary utensils. The 
steerage includes a plentiful supply of cooked provisions, but steerage passengers 
must provide their own beds and bedding, and eating and drinking tins. The 
outfit for a steerage passage is as follows: — i mattress, is. 8d.; i pillow, 6d. ; I 
blanket, 3s. 6d.; i water can, gd.; i quart mug, 3d.; i tin plate, 3d.; i wash 
basin, Qd.; I knife and fork, 6d. ; 2 spoons, 2d.; i pound marine soap, 6d.; i 
towel, 8d.; total, 9s. 6d. The whole of these articles can be obtained of any 
outfitter in Liverpool at one minute's notice. 

These articles may now, however, be hired at a merely nominal rate from some 
or all of the steamship companies. 

All children above the age of twelve years are considered ocean adults, and 
charged full price. All children under twelve, and over one year old, are charged 
half-price ; infants in arms being charged los. 6d. stg. Children, under the 
ocean adult age, have special rates made for them in the assisted passages of the 
Canadian Government. 

The steerage passengers being so well provided with food on the steamships 
of the principal lines, need not think of providing themselves with any kind of 
provisions. If they should be sick, they will be attended to by the ship's doctor, 
and supplied with medical comforts. 



92 

ABOUT BUYING TICKETS. 

Generally the intending emigrant will do well to put himself in communication 
■with the agent of the steamship line by which he has made up his mind to sail; 
either living at or near the place where he resides. He will generally get all in- 
formation from such agent, regarding the rates of passage, steamship outfit, and 
■deposit to be made for securing his passage. Such agent, moreover, will probably 
be able to give him information respecting the Government assisted passages. 
On this subject it is, however, quite as well to write to any of the Canadian Gov- 
ernment agents, whose addresses are given in another part of this chapter. 

An emigrant is generally advised to take his ticket to his place of destination 
in Canada, if that is fixed, as he will thereby be saved from the trouble of getting 
another ticket at the port of arrival ; and in the case of assisted tickets, the lowest 
railway fares are added in the fares given by any of the agents of the steamship 
companies, either in taking an ordinary steerage ticket or an assisted passage. 

Emigrants who have no fixed place of destination should take their tickets to 
Quebec; and at this point they will learn from the agent where they are likely to 
obtain work ; and may take their further tickets accordingly. 

Canadian assisted passages are only afforded by steamships sailing to Canadian 
ports. 

The prices of all ocean passage tickets are generally very widely advertised 
in the newspapers, and by means of hand-bills, etc. Immigrants should avoid 
trusting touters and bad characters who very often loiter about shipping offices ; 
and should take care only to have dealings with the regular agents of the steamship 
companies or the agents of the Government. 

It happened formerly, also, that immigrants were particularly liable to imposi- 
tion on their arrival at American ports, but this has now for the most part been 
•done away with. Young girls, however, should be very careful not to suffer 
themselves to be approached by persons whom they do not know, either on board 
steamships or after their arrival. 

Agriculturists in search of land, and specially those going to the North- West, 
should be very careful how they receive the glowing representations which are 
made to them by agents of land companies who will waylay them at many points 
on their journey, and particularly in passing through some of the Western States. 
An immigrant bound for Manitoba should persevere in spite of all representations 
■or misrepresentations in going to see for himself 

DURING THE PASSAGE. 

As soon as the emigrant gets on board the steamship he should make himself 
acquainted with the rules he is expected to obey whilst at sea. These are generally 
printed and hung up in the steerage. He should do his best to carry them out ; 
to be well-behaved, and to keep himself clean. He will thus add not only to his 
own health and comfort, but to that of those around him. If he should have any 
grievance or real cause of complaint during the passage, he should of course make 
it known to the Captain, who will naturally seek to have justice done, as well for 
his own interest as for that of his ship and his employers. But if for any reason 
there should be a failure in this, the immigrant should make his complaint to the 
Government agent immediately upon landing at Quebec, while the ship is in 
port. 

The master of the ship is responsible for any neglect or bad conduct on the 
part of the stewards or any of the officers or the crew. All steamships carrying 
emigrants have doctors on board, and in case of sickness, any emigrants will receive 
medical care, and medicine, ivith such comforts as may be considered necessary 
by the doctor. 

The large steamships have stewardesses to look after the female portion of the 
steerage passengers, who have separate and isolated accommodation in the better 
class of steamers ; a necessary precaution where large numbers of both sexes are 
■carried within a limited space. 



93 



The attention of emigrants cannot be too particularly directed to everything 
about their luggage. In the first place it is very desirable that they should not 
encumber themselves with unnecessary articles, as these, besides causing them a 
great deal of trouble may in the end cost a great deal more than they are worth. 

On all the steamship bills the passenger will find stated how many cubic 
feet of luggage he can take with him on board the steamship. Cabin passengers 
are allowed 20 cubic feet, intermediate passengers 15 cubic feet, and steerage 
passengers 10 cubic feet of luggage free. It may, however, happen that the number 
of cubic feet of luggage which the steamship will allow is very much heavier 
than the 150 lbs. in weight allowed to each passenger on the Western railways. 

The railways in the older Provinces of Canada are very liberal in dealing 
with emigrant's luggage, and will let pass anything that is not very much out of 
the way. On the Western railways, however, the luggage is weighed, and high 
freight rates are charged for all luggage in excess of 150 lbs. weight per passenger. 
A family or party going together, however, may have their luggage all weighed 
together, and no charge made unless there is an excess above an. average of 150 
lbs for each. Many heavy lumbering things sometimes carried by immigrants are 
not worth paying the excess of freight for, and can be better and more cheaply 
purchased on arrival at their destination. The luggage, and boxes or trunks of 
ever}' passenger should be plainly marked with his name and destination. 

All heavy luggage and boxes are stowed away in the hold, but the emigrant 
should put in a separate apd small package the things he will require for use on 
the voyage. These he should keep by him and take into his berth. 

Emigrants sometimes suffer great loss and inconvenience from losing their 
luggage- They should, therefore, be careful not to lose sight of it until it is put 
on shipboard. It is then perfectly safe. Upon arrival at Quebec it will be passed 
by the Customs officers and put into what is called the " baggage car" of the rail- 
way train, where it is "checked" to its destination. This means that there is 
attached to each article a little piece of metal with a number stamped on it, while 
a corresponding piece similarly numbered is given to the passenger to keep until 
his destination is reached. The Railway is then responsible for the safety of his 
uggage, and will not give it up until he shows his "check." This custom has 
great safety as well as convenience. 

After arrival at Quebec or Halifax, however, the immigrant should see that 
his luggage is with him on the same train; and if he is going to the North -West 
via the United States, he must see that his baggage is passed by the United 
States Customs officers there, and again put on the train. Many have suffered 
great loss from not taking this precaution, their luggage having been left behind. 

WHAT TO TAKE. 

The emigrant should take with him as good a supply of clothing as he can. 
Woollen clothing and other kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, house-linen, etc., 
are generally cheaper in England than in Canada. Generally all bedding should 
be taken, and the covers or ticks of the beds, but not the materials with which 
they are stuffed, as these would be too bulky, and can readily be obtained on 
arrival. / 

Many of the little household necessaries which the emigrant possesses he 
might do well to bring, and they may prove very useful ; but still it is advisable 
to consider well the weight and bulk, and how far it is worth while. p 

Articles of household furniture, crockery, stoves, or heavy articles of hard- 
ware, should be left behind or sold, except in some circumstances for special 
reasons which the emigrant will consider. It mus't be borne in mind that such 
articles are very liable to breakage, especially on long railway journeys to the 
West. 

Agricultural labourers should not bring any of their tools with them, as these 
can easily be got in Canada, of the best kinds, and suited to the needs of the 
country. Generally speaking, the farming tools used in England would not be 
suitable for Canada. 



94 

Mechanics and artisans will of course bring the special tools for their special 
trades and pursuits ; but they must bear in mind that there is no difficulty in 
buying any ordinary tools in Canada at reasonable prices, and that it is better to 
have the means of purchasing what they want after reaching their destination, 
than to be hampered with a heavy lot of luggage on their journey, causing them 
trouble and expense. As a general rule the tools made in America are lighter and 
better adapted to the needs of the country than those made in the Old Country. 

MONEY. 

In bringing out money from the United Kingdom, it is better to get a bill of 
exchange or a bank letter of credit for any large sum, as then there is no danger 
'of its being lost. Any smaller sums are better brought in sovereigns or half- 
sovereigns, as far as possible, rather than in silver or bank-bills. Even Bank of 
England bills are subject to the rate of exchange, which may vary and not always 
in favour of the emigrant. But gold sovereigns and half-sovereigns have always 
their absolute par value, which is fixed by law. On silver coins, shillings, florms, 
'half-crowns, etc., the emigrant will lose. Take the shilling for instance. Although 
it freely passes for the i/q th of a pound in England, it is not really worth that pro- 
portion, it being only what is called a "' token," and not a legal tender except for 
small change, or in sums over £2., and in Canada it is only. taken for what it is 
worth. Still, what silver the emigrant brings had better be in shillings. The 
values of English money in dollars and cents are given on page 18 of this Guide- 
Book. 

PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR INTENDING SETTLERS 
IN MANITOBA. 

In view of the certainty that an influx of population into Manitoba will be 
the most marked feature of the immigration movement for many years to come, it 
:is advisable to furnish particular directions respecting it in this place at the risk of 
some repetition of information in previous pages in this Guide Book. 

The previous directions how to go, and what routes to take, from the United 
Kingdom, or the continent of Europe, are common to all immigrants ; and all 
assisted passages to Canadian ports and facilities afforded to immigrants are 
•common to those going to Manitoba. The word " Manitoba," in this particular, 
being also intended for the Canadian North-West, Manitoba being the Gateway. 

Any intending settlers in Manitoba arriving at United States ports — either 
Boston or New York — should, if they have not already procured through tickets, 
at once get them to the point of destination without suffering themselves to be 
influenced and probably misled by specious misrepresentations made to them by 
persons interested in the sale of American railway lands. They should persist in 
proceeding to their destination to judge of the facts for themselves. From New 
York to Boston the tickets should read via Chicago and St. Paul to Winnipeg. 

On arriving at Winnipeg the settler should put himself in communication 
with the officers of the Canadian Government, from whom he may obtain maps 
affording clear indication of the localities and general information as to where he 
may find lands. 

If the immigrant should be an artisan, mechanic or labourer, the Government 
Immigration Agent will afford him information as to how he should proceed to 
obtain work; and, in many cases, he will find that applications have been lodged 
with the agent making a demand for such service as he may probably be able to 
supply. The same remark applies to agricultural and common labourers, and 
also to female domestic servants. 

It will be observed by the Table of Wages — published in this Guide Book — 
that very high prices were paid at the time of its publication : those prices being, 
as stated, actual quotations of facts at the date of publication ; they being also in- 
cident to the rapid development of wealth in a new country of immense extent, 
will probably for a long time continue to be high. At the same time it must be 
Jjorne in mind that a new community might be, owing to the attraction of high 



95 

wages, subject to a glut ; — that is — there is, of course, a limit to which any par- 
ticular branch of industry might, at a given time, call for workmen. But there is 
practically no limit to the masses which the Canadian North-West can absorb, • 
the territory being about as large as the whole of Europe, with illimitable resour- 
ces of every kind to develop. The rate of wages paid in such conditions has 
naturally relation to what may be earned by a man who takes up i6o acres of 
Free Grant lands, for the plain reason that if a man is sure to make so much from 
the ready resource which is always open to him of taking up land, he will not 
work for wages at very great disadvantage. 

It is, further, to be remarked that agricultural operations on the prairies are 
very simple and very easily learned, and men who have not been previously used 
to agriculture can, with the application of energy and good common sense, very 
soon become sufficiently proficient to be successful. Some of the Agricultural 
Tenant Farmers' Delegates, who recently visited Manitoba on the invitation of 
the Minister o( Agriculture, stated in their reports that they were surprised to find 
men who had been in other pursuits than those of agriculture in the United 
Kingdom succeeding perfectly as farmers in Manitoba, and highly contented with 
the change of life and sense of independence it brought. One special instance 
cited was that of a waiter of a London eating house, who had immigrated to 
Mariitoba, taken up a free grant of land, and settled down as a fairly successful 
farmer, his previous occupation having been the most unpromising introduction to 
that of an agriculturist. It has happened that young men who have been engaged 
in offices, and other sedentary occupations, have settled on Government Free 
Grant lands in Manitoba with success and a sense of satisfaction. These state- 
ments are made to show what men can do who resolutely set about to adapt 
themselves to a given situation, rather than as a general invitation to men who 
would not have such power of adaptation as to leave sedentary pursuits for the 
occupation of agriculture. 

Any person whatever who goes to Manitoba^and more especially those who 
desire to take up land — should make himself acquainted with the system of the 
Dominion Lands Surveys and the marks on the maps — both the system of surveys 
and maps being quite different from those in the Old Provinces and the continent 
of Europe. The settler is referred to the directions under this heading in pre- 
vious pages of this Guide Book in the chapter on Manitoba. The prmciples are 
very simple, and a half h; ur's study will make him acquainted with them ; and a 
very little practice will enable him to apply them to any map or any portion of 
surveyed territory in which he may find himself placed. 

In addition to learning the tiiap and the arrangement of sections, parts of 
sections and townships on it, the settler shou'd make himself acquainted, as 
soon as possible, with the mounds, posts or moiiiimcnts which are placed on the 
prairie itself, to mark the townships and sections down to quarter sections. So 
soon as a man has learned this he could not be lost in any surveyed part of the 
North-West ; but, on the contrary, if he was dropped from the clouds or from a 
balloon in any part of that region he would set himself to work to find the nearest 
mounds and posts ; and, from the figures and letters that he would find on them, 
he would know his exact position, and the bearings of the compass, and his dis- 
tance from any given point, as accurately as the most approved appliances and a 
good observation of the sun enable a mariner to know his exact spot on the ocean. 

A very full and exact direction how to obtain this information may be found 
in the "Land Piospedors Manual and Field Book" by Captain Chas. William 
Allen, of Winnipeg, which contains diagrams of the mounds and monuments, sec- 
tions and townships : the whole officially approved by the Department of the 
Interior of the Government of Canada. 

RATES OF WAGES IN CANADA. 
The tables following contain the wages actually paid in Canada in November, 
1882, as reported by the agents of the Government in the cities and Provinces 
named. All wages are of course liable to variation with circumstances, but the 
figures given may be accepted as actual quotations at the date and places named 
in the tables. 



96 



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102 

The preceding tables show the relative proportions between rates of wage 
and the cost of living. Of course wages may fluctuate with circumstances in dif- 
ferent localities, and so may the items which form the cost of living. In the 
older Provinces, however, fluctuations of this kind are not likely to be so great as 
in a new community, such as in Manitoba for instance. 

Both the rates of wages and the cost of living are higher in Manitoba 
than in the older Provinces. This state of things is incident to the particular cir- 
cumstances of a new community ; and especially in view of the suddenly rapid 
development which has taken place in Manitoba ; a province which is distant 
from the old centres, and one, moreover, which it takes the workingman con- 
siderable time and money to reach. In Manitoba there has been what is called a 
"rush" to obtain land. Large sums have been taken to that Province for the 
purpose of speculation in land ; and also by immigry.nts ; and large sums have 
been expended both by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Government. The 
effect of the combination has been to create excitement and high prices, and the 
probability is that this state of things may continue for some time, perhaps for 
some years to come ; but ultimately everything will settle down. 

A gentleman from England who visited Canada last autumn to examine into 
ihe suitability of this country as a field for English immigration, enquired of the 
Department of Agriculture whether it would not be possible to indicate officially 
and with precision, what kinds of mechanics, artisans or labourers, and in what 
numbers, would be sure to obtain work. This question is the first to occur to all 
men who give particular consideration to the subject of immigration. It is the 
object of this Guide-book to furnish the information that will form the most in- 
telligible answer to the question. 

The classes who would be sure to do well in this country, and the numbers 
in which they are invited to come, have been fully indicated. But it may be 
repeated here, and cannot be too well borne in mind, that there is practicaly no 
limit to the demand for men to work the land, to carry on Public Works, 
and for women to assist in domestic service. Next in order of numbers would 
come those mechanics and artisans who do the work of building in all its branches. 
Information with reference to many of the particular trades is made known by 
their own organizations, and by capitalists wanting skilled labour in such trades. 

The Department of Agriculture did a few years ago send circulars all over the 
Dominion to ascertain what numbers and what classes of immigrants were required 
in each locality, especially the numbers of labourers, mechanics and female 
domestics. The Department caused the answers received to be tabulated ; and 
these indicated that in the five Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, 
Nova Scotia and Manitoba, nearly 150,000 persons of these classes were required. 

This system of ascertaining and tabulating the wants of localities was not 
continued, for the reason that it was found to be impossible to obtain and transmit 
such lists to the United Kingdom in time to have the wants supplied. The time 
required to make representations to the emigrating classes, and afterwards for 
them to act on such representations, was too long, to make that system of any 
practical use ; and the conditions of a locality became changed in the meanwhile, 
other incomers supplying the wants. The practical course now taken is : the 
Agents of the Department take means to inform themselves of the demand for 
labour of all sorts within their several districts ; and direct the immigrants 
accordingly on their arrival. This system is found to be effective, and experience 
has demonstrated it to be the only one available. These agents in their respective 
localities keep books of application and registration. It is practically found that 
, prosperous times and the opening up of new lands attract a large immigration, 
while on the contrary, times of commercial crisis and depression check it. 

Lastly, it may be pointed out that the communities which have been built up 
chiefly by emigration are among the most thriving, energetic and prosperous in 
the world. The group of Australian colonies, the United States and Canada are 
examples of this. The men and women who voluntarily emigrate are naturally 
not the least energetic or enterprising of the peoples from which they come, and 
fresh stimulus is given when they find in the new country the conditions of success 
in life open before them on almost every side. It is not simply or mainly, there- 



103 

fore, a question of the higher wages an immigrant can earn in the new country. 
But, although he may be called upon to endure some hardships, it is the chance 
of bettering his position in life; a chance which has come for hundreds of thou- 
sands who were poor, and are now well-to-do and even rich — for large communities 
in fact, now claiming the rank of nations. 



105 



APPENDIX. 



DOMINION LANDS REGULATIONS. 

The following regulations (omitting those relating to Colonization Reserves) for the sale 
lind settlement of Dominion Lands in the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories 
shall, on and after the ist day of January, 1882, be substituted for the Regulations now in force, 
bearing date the 25th day of May last. 

1. The surveyed lands in Manitoba and the North-West Territories shall, for the purpose of 
these Regulations, be classified as follows : — 

Cl.-\ss a.— Lands within twenty-four miles of the main fine or any branch line of the Cana- 
dian Pacific Railway, on either side thereof. 

Class B. — Lands within twelve miles, on either side, of any projected line of railway {other 
than the Canadian Pacific Railway), approved by Order-in-Council published in the 
Canada Gazette : — 

Class C. — Lands south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway not included in 
Class A or B. 

Class D. — Lands other than those in classes A, B, and C. 

2. The even-numbered sections in all the foregoing classes are to be held exclusively for 
homesteads and pre-emptions. 

a. Except in Class D, where they may be affected by colonization agreements, as herein- 
after provided. 

b. Except where it may be necessary out of them to provide wood lots for settlers. 

c. Except in cases where the Minister of the Interior, under provisions of the Dominion 
Lands Acts, may deem it expedient to withdraw certain lands, and sell them at public 
auction or otherwise deal with them as the Governor-in-Council may direct. 

3. The odd-numbered sections in Class A are reserved for the Canadian Pacific Railway 
Company. 

4. The odd-numbered sections in Classes B and C shall be for sale at $2.50 per acre, payable 
at the time of sale : 

a. Except where they have been or may be dealt with otherwise by the Governor-in- 
Council. 

5. The odd-numbered sections in Class D shall be for sale at $2 per acre, payable at time o. 
sale : 

a. Except where they have been or may be dealt with otherwise by the Govemor-in- 

Council. 
b. Except lands affected by colonization agreements, as hereinafter provided. 

6. Persons who, subsequent to survey, but before the issue of the Order-in-Council of the 
gth October, 1879, excluding odd-numbered sections from homestead entrj', took pos.session of 
land in odd-numbered sections by residing on and cultivating the same, shall, if continuing so to 
occupy them, be permitted to obtain homestead and pre-emption entries as if they were on even- 
numbered sections. 

PRE-EMPTIONS. 

7. The prices for pre-emption lots shall be as follows : — 

For lands in Classes A, B, and C, $2.50 per acre. 

For lands in Class D, $2.00 per acre. 

Payments shall be made in one sum at the end of three years from the date of entry, or 
at such earlier date as a settler may, under the provisions of the Dominion Lands 
Acts, obtain a patent for the homestead to which such pre-emption lot belongs. 



TIMBER FOR SETTLERS, 

14. The Minister of the Interior may direct the reservation Oi any odd or even numbered 
section having timber upon it, to provide wood for homestead settlers on sections without it ; and 
each such settler may, where the opportunity for so doing exists, purchase a wood lot, not exceed- 
ing 20 acres, at the price of $5 per acre in cash. 

fij'ij. The Minister of the Interior may grant, under the provisions of the Dominion Lands 
Act, licenses to cut timber on lands within surveyed townships. The lands covered by such 
licenses are hereby withdrawn from homestead and pre-emption entry and from sale. 



106 

PASTURAGE LANDS. 

i6. Under the authority of the Act 44 Victoria, Chap. 16, leases of tracts for grazing pur- 
poses may be granted on the following conditions : 

a. Such lease'i to be for a period of not exceeding twenty-one years, and no single lease shall 
cover a greater area than 100,000 acres. 

i. In surveyed territory, the land embraced by the lease shall be described in townships 
and sections. I"n unsurveyed territory, the party to whom a lease may be promised 
shall, before the issue of the lease, cause a survey of the tract to be made, at his own 
expense, by a Dominion Lands Surveyor, under instructions from the Surveyor-General; 
and the plan and field notes of such survey shall be deposited on record in the Depart- 
ment of the Interior. 

c. The lessee shall pay an annual rental at the rate of $10 for every 1,000 acres embraced 
by his lease, and shall, within three years from the granting of the lease, place on the 
tract one head of cattle for every ten acres of land embraced by the lease, and shall dur- 
ing its term maintain cattle thereon in at least that proportion. 

d. After placing the prescribed number of cattle upon the tract leased, the lessee may 
purchase land within his leasehold for a home farm and corral, paying therefor $2.00 
per acre in cash. 

e. Failure to fulfil any of the conditions of his lease shall subject the lessee to forfeiture 
thereof. 

17. When two or more parties apply for a grazing lease of the same land, tenders shall be 
invited, and the lease shall be granted to the party offering the highest premium therefor in 
addition to the rental. The said premium to be paid before the issue of the leause. 

GENERAL PROVISIONS. 

18. Payments for land may be in cash, scrip, or Police or Military Bounty Warrants. 

19. These regulations shall not apply to lands valuable for town plots, or to coal or other 
mineral lands, or to stone or marble quarries, or to lands having water-power thereon ; or to 
sections 11 and 29 in each Township, which are School Lands, or Sections 8 and 26, which 
belong to the Hudson's Bay Company. 

By order, 

LINDSAY RUSSELL, 

Surveyor-General. 
Department of the Interior, 

Ottawa, 23rd December, 1881. 



107 

Canadian Pacific Railway Company's Lands 



REGULATIONS FOR THE SALE OF LAND. 



The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway to the neighborhood of the South Saskatche- 
wan River, about 600 miles westward from Winnipeg, and the rapid progress made in the Gov- 
ernment Surveys, during the past season, enable the Company to offer for sale some of the finest 
agricultural lands in Manitoba and the North West. The lands within the railway belt, extend- 
ing 24 miles from each side of the main line, will be disposed of at prices ranging from $2.50 
(ids. sterling) per acre upwards, with conditions requiring cultivation. Prices of 
lands without conditions of cultivation may be obtained from the Land Commissioner. When 
cultivation or settlement forms part of the consideration, a rebate for cultivation will be allowed 
as hereinafter described. These regulations are substituted for and cancel those hitherto in force. 

TERMS OF FAYMENT. 

If paid for in full at time of purchase, a Deed of Conveyance of the land will be given ; but 
the purchaser may pay one-sixth in cash, and the balance in five annual instalments with interest 
at six percent, per annum, payable in advance. Payments may be m\de in Land Grant Bonds 
which will be accepted at ten per cent, premium on their par value and accrued interest. These 
bonds can be obtained on application at the Bank of Montreal, Montreal, or at any of its 
agencies. 

REBATE. 

A rebate of from $1.25 to $3.50 (ss. to 14s. sterling) per acre, according to the price paid for 
the land, will be allowed on the following conditions : 

1. The. purchaser will not be entitled to rebate unless at the time of purchase he enters into 
an undertaking to cultivate the land. 

2. One-half of the land contracted for, to be brought under cultivation within four years 
from date of contract. 

3. In cases where purchasers do not reside on the land, at least one-eighth of the whole 
quantity purchased shall be cultivated during each of the four years ; but this condition will not 
be insisted upon in the case of an actual settler residing continuously on the land, who will have 
the privilege of doing his cultivation at any time within the period named. 

4. Where a purchaser fails to cany out fully the conditions as to cultivation within the time 
named, he will be required to pay the full purchase price on all the land contracted for. But if 
from causes beyond his control, proved to the satisfaction of the Company, a settler so fails, he 
may be allowed the rebate on the land actually cultivated during the four years, on payment of 
the balance due including the full purchase price of the remainder of the land contracted for. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

All sales are subject to the following general conditions : 

1. All improvements placed upon land purchased to be maintained thereon until final pay- 
ment has been made. 

2. All taxes and assessments lawfully imposed upon the land or improvements to be paid by 
the purchaser. 

3. The Company reserves from sale, under these regulations, all mineral and coal lands, and 
lands containing timber in quantities, stone, slate and marble quarries, lands with water power 
thereon, and tracts for Town sites and Railway purposes. 

4. Mineral, coal and timber lands and quarries, and lands controlling water power, will be 
disponed of on very moderate terms to persons giving satisfactory evidence of their intention and 
ability to utilize the same. 

5. The Company reserves the right to take without remuneration (except for the value 01 
buildings and improvements on the required portion of land) a strip or strips of land 200 feet 
wide, to be used for right of way, or other railway purposes, wherever the line of the Canadian 
Pacific Railway, or any branch thereof, is or shall be located. 

6. Liberal rates for settlers and their effects will be granted by the Company over its railway. 

For further particulars, apply to the Company's Land Commissioner, John H. McTavish, 
Winnipeg, or to Alexander Begg, Land Agent of the Company, loi Cannon Street, London 
England. 

By order of the Board, 

CHARLES DRINKWATER, 
Mo.NTRKAL, November 30th, 1882. Secretary. 



108 






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POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS HAVING OVER 
5,000 INHABITANTS COMPARED. 



NAMES. 



Montreal ; 

Toronto 

Quebec 

Halifax 

Hamilton 

Ottawa 

St. John 

London 

Portland 

Kingston 

Charlottetown 

Guelph 

St. Catharines 

Brantford 

Belleville 

Trois-Rivieres 

St. Thomas 

Stratford 

Winnipeg 

Chatham 

Brockville 

Levis 

Sherbrooke 

Hull 

Peterborough 

Windsor 

St. Henri 

Fredericton 

Victoria 

St. Jean Baptiste (village). 

Sorel 

Port Hope 

Woodstock 

St. Hyacinthe 

Gait 

Lindsay 

Moncton 



PROVINCES. 



Quebec 

Ontario 

Quebec 

Nova Scotia 

Ontario 

Ontario 

New Brunswick . . . . 

Ontario 

New Brunswick . . . . 

Ontario 

Prince Edw'd Island 

Ontario 

Ontario 

Ontario 

Ontario 

Quebec 

Ontario 

Ontario 

Manitoba 

Ontario 

Ontario 

Quebec 

Quebec 

Quebec 

Ontario 

Ontario 

Quebec 

N ew Brunswick . . . . 
British Columbia . . . 
Quebec 



Quebec 

Ontario 

Ontario 

Quebec 

Ontario 

Ontario 

New Brunswick . 



Totals 494,699 



Population. 



] Numerical 
[ increase 



107,225 
56,092 

59.699 
?9'582 
26,716 
21,545 
28,805 
15.826 
12,520 
12,407 
8,807 
6,878 
7,864 
8,107 
7.305 
7,570 
2,197 

4.313 
241 
5.873 
5.102 
6,691 
4,432 



4,611 
4,253 



6,006 
3,270 
4,408 
5,636 
5,114 
3,982 
3,746 
3,827 
4,049 



decrease. 



140,747 

86,415 

62,446 

36,100 

35,961 

27,412 

26,127 

19,746 

15,226 

14,091 

11,485 

9,890 

9,631 

9,616 

9,516 

8,670 

8,367 

8,239 

7,985 

7,873 

7,609 

7,597 
7,227 
6,890 
6,812 
6,561 
6,415 
6,218 
5,92s 
5,874 
5,791 
5,585 
5,373 
5,321 
5,187 
S,o8o 
5,032 



641,703 



33.522 
30,323 

2,747 
6,518 
9.24s 
5,867 
2,678 
3,920 
2,706 
1,684 
2,678 
3,012 
1,767 
1,509 
2,211 
1,100 
6,170 
3,926 
7,744 
2,000 
2,507 
906 
2.795 



2,201 
2,308 



212 

2,655 
1,466 
J55 
471 
1,391 
1.575 
1,360 
1.031 



Percent- 
age. 



31 
54 
4 

32 

34 
27 
* 9 
24 
21 

13 
30 
43 
22 
18 
30 
14 
280 

91 
3213 

34 
49 
13 
63 



* The indicated decrease of the population of the city of St. John is attributable to the great 
fire which occurred in the year 1877, when half of the city was laid in ashes. Great numbers 
were thereby driven into the surrounding districts, and many whose busines and social ties were 
thus severed, did not return to the City. 

*' The limits of the city of Hull and the towns of St. Henri and Moncton not having been 
defined in 1871, no comparison can be made. Leaving out the above city and towns, the total 
increase and rate per cent, are as represented in the table. 

Note. — In 1871 there were in Canada, 20 cities and towns of j.ooo inhabitants and over, 
with a total population of 430,043. In 1881 the number of such cities and towns had increased 
to 37, having a tota4 population of 660,040. 



112 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 



Value of Exports and Goods Imported, in the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, 
New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, for the following years : 



YEAR. 


Total Exports. 


Total Imports. 


Duty. 


Fiscal year ending 30th June, 1868 

do do 1869 

do do 1870 

do do 1871 

do do 1872 

do do 1873 

do do 0:874 

do do 1875 

do do 1876 

[do do 1877 :.. 

do do 1878 

do do 1879 

do do 1880 

do do 1881 

do do 1882 


$ 57,367,888 
60,474,781 

73,573,490 
74,173,618 
80,642,015 
87,750,592 
85,711,413 
73,164,748 

75,774,941 
70,907,303 
74,098,157 
66,330,856 
82,918,828 
93,631,677 
102,159,243 


$ 73,459,644 
70,415,165 

74,814,339 
95,838,908 
108,697,928 
124,902,934 
122,422,458 
117,322,425 
87,076,194 

94,487,130 
88,320,474 
77,389,736 
82,581,648 
99,751,014 
119,419,500 


$ 8,819,431.63 
8,298,909.71 
9,462,940.44 
11,827,932.53 
12,656,253.12 
12,667,508.07 
13,798,458.16 
14,452,030.38 
11,789,892.89 
11,653,186.17 
11,895.572.61 
11,920,828.38 
13,170,507.78 
17,173,017-75 
21,708,837.00 




$1,158,879,550 


$1,436,899,497 


$191,295,305.62 





ARTICLES EXPORTED. 

SUMMARY OF EXPORTS OF THE DOMINION IN 1881. 



ARTICLES. 


Produce. 


Not Produce. 


Total. 




$ 2,767,829 
6,867,715 
24,960,012 
21,360,219 
21,268,327 

3,075,095 
622,182 


$ 148,425 . 

31,169 

749,836 

1,305,391 

10,025,800 

968,«28 

146,468 


$ 2,916,254 
6,898,884 
25,709,848 
22,665,610 
31,294,127 
4,043,123 
768,650 






Animals and their Produce 


Manufactures 




Total 


$ 80,921,379 


$ 13,375,117 


$ 94.296,496 

971,005 

3,023,322 


Estimated amount short returned at Inland 
Ports 


















$98,290,823 









113 



VALUE OF FISHERIES OF THE DOMINION. 



PROVINCES 


Value. 




1880. 1681. 




$ 6,291,061.46 
2,744,446.58 
2,631,556.45 
1,675,088.90 

713.335 32 
444,491.00 


$6,214,781.50 
2,930,904.58 
2,751,962.50 
1.955.289.80 
1,454,321.26 
509,903.00 














Total 


$14,499,979.71 


$15,817,162.64 
14,499,979.71 




Increase 


$ 1,317.182.93 



RAILWAYS. 

The following table shows the progress of the Railway interest 
minion from the 30th June, 1876, to the 30th June, 1881. 



f the Do- 









"rt 


cS 


-6 


4J 




s 




YEAR. 




ao. 






ta 


c 


15 ^ 












a, 














$ 


Miles 






$ 


$ 


Year end 


ed 30th June 


1876 


317,795,468 


5.157 


5,544,814 


6.331. 757 


19,358,084 


15,802,721 


do 


do 


1877 


326.328 976 


5.574 


6,073,233 


6,859,796 


18,742,053 


15,290,091 


do 


do 


1878 


360,617 186 


6.143 


6,443.924 


7,883,472 


20,520,078 


16,100,102 


do 


do 


187Q 


362,086 138 


6,484 


6,523,816 


8,348,810 


19,925,066 


16,188,282 


do 


do 


1880 


371 051.192 


6,891 


6,462,948 


9,938,858 


23,561.447 


16,840.705 


do 


do 


1881 


389,285,700 


7,260 


6,943.671 


12,065.323 


27,987,509 


20,121,418 



The returns for the year ended the 30th June, 1882, are not yet received. They will probably 
show a great increase in the volume of traffic, while the mileage, both in operation and under 
construction, will be considerably greater than in 1881. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company 
have made unprecedentedly rapid progress during the present season with the work of construc- 
tion, and before the winter sets in the track will probably be laid for a distance of about 660 miles 
west of Winnipeg. This, together with those portions of the road already in operation, i.e., from 
Pembroke to Mattawan, from Prince Arthur's Landing on Lake Superior to Winnipeg, and the 
Pembina Branch, will give a length ofcompleted line of 1,251 miles. By the close of ne.xt season 
(1883) the track will probably be laid to the base of the Rocky Mountains ; and the Company 
confidently e.xpect that the whole line, with a mileage (trunk line and branches) of 3,018 miles, 
will be completed in the year 1887, four years earlier than the date specified in their contract. 

Several companies have obtained charters for the construction of lines to connect the Canadian 
Pacific Railway with points in the railway system of Ontario, and new colonization and other 
roads are projected, and in some cases under construction, in Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba. 

In the Maritime Provinces, the Chignecto Ship Railway, now under charter and subsidy, 
will convey ocean vessels, with their cargoes unbroken, acro-^s the isthmus of that name. The 
enterprise undertaken by the "Great European and North American Short Line Company" 
will, when carried out, reduce the ocean passage between the two continents to its minimum 
length, and, by means of a railway across Newfoundland, bring to light the resources of that 
important and long neglected island. 

From the date of the Confederation of the Provinces (1st July, 1867,) to the 30th June, 1881, 
the railway mileage increased by about 250 per cent 



114 



LIST OF CANADIAN RAILWAYS. 
{From Official Report, joth June, j88i. ) 



NAME OF RAILWAY. 



Length of Line. 



Completed. 
(Rails laid.) 



Under 
Construc- 
tion. 



Albert 

Canada Atlantic 

Canada Central 

Canada Southern 

Canada Pacific ■' 

Carillon and Grenville 

Chatham Branch 

Cobourg, Peterboro' and Marmora 

Credit Valley •• 

Fredericton 

Grand Junction 

Grand Southern 

Grand Trunk ) 

Buffalo and Lake Huron j 

Grand Trunk, Georgian Bay and Lake Erie 

Great Western 607 07'\ 

London and Port Stanley 23 66 ] 

Wellington, Grey and Bruce 168 35 

London, Huron and Bruce 68 89 

Brantford, Norfolk and Port Burwell 34 74. 

Gait and Guelph 

Hamilton and North-Western (included in N. & N.-W.) 

Halifax and Cape Breton Railway and Coal Co i 

Intercolonial 

International 

Kent Northern 

Kingston and Pembroke 

Massawippi Valley .' 

Midland 

Missisquoi Valley 

Montreal and Vermont Junction 

New Brunswick 

New Brunswick and Canada 

Northern and North-Western 

Nova Scotia, Nictaux and Atlantic 

Petitcodiac and Elgin 

Prince Edward County 

Prince Edward Island 

Quebec and Lake St. John ■ 

Quebec Central 

Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental 319.80 

Joliette 6 

Laurentian iS-^S 

Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly 

St. Lawrence and Ottawa 

St. John and Maine 

St. Martins and Upham 

South-Eastern 14° 

Lake Champlain and St. Lawrence 63 

Montreal, Portland and Boston 36 

Spring Hill and Parrsboro" 

Toronto and Nipissing 79 I 

Lake Simcoe Junction 26.50 j 

Toronto, Grey and Bruce 

Victoria 

Welland 

Waterloo and Magog 

Western Counties 

Whitby, Port Perry and Lindsay 

Windsor and Annapolis I 



Miles 
51-50 



210 
326.60 
512.00 
13 
9 
47 
/ 183.50 
22.50 
90 

82.50 
iii56.25 



144 
902.71 



79 '75 
840 

69.66 

II 

63.50 

34 
143-65 

10.10 

23.60 
i76'oo 
127 
377-54 



14 

32. 4o 
198.50 

36 
145 



339 -°5 



Windsor Branch. 



Total 



32 
105 . 50 



IQI 

55-50 

25 

23 

67 

46.50 

84 

32 



75.95-81 



Miles. 



125 
2,358.00 



75.00 



Note.— Great additions were made to this list during 1883. 



115 



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116 



GOVERNMENT CIRCULATION, 31ST AUGUST, 1882'.' 

Fractional Notes '. $ 174,014 10 

Provincial Notes 58,739 23 

Dominion Notes 16,525,802 25 

„ , Total... $16,758,555 58 

Bank Circulation ^^...^...^^ 33>953>387 81 

Total Circulation $50,711,943 39 



AMOUNT OF DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS BANK. 

Government Savings Banks $ 12,295,000 16 

Post Office Savings Banks 10,442,051 46 

Other Savings Banks 91330,057 55 

$ 32,067,109 17 
Deposits in Chartered Banks 118,089,316 73 



Total Deposits $150,156,425 90 



GOVERNMENT SAVINGS BANKS 30TH JUNE, 1882. 

Balance 31st May $11,673,175 80 

Deposits during June 605,348 60 

Interest for year 411,948 61 

$12,690,473 01 
Deposits withdrawn and Interest paid during June : 395i 472 85 

Balance 30th June $12,295,000 16 



POST OFFICE SAVINGS BANK. 

Deposits in hands of Minister of Finance on September 30th, 1882 $10,442,051 46 

Deposits during month $474,232 00 

Payments during month ' ■ " ' m 319,920 74 



CITY AND DISTRICT SAVINGS BANK OF MONTREAL— SEPT., 1882. 

Deposits - $6,371,271 24 

Cash in hand and Securities : 6,873,039 16 



CAISSE D'ECONOMIE DE QUEBEC. 

Deposits ._ $2,958,786 fi 

Cash and Securities ~ 3,029,098 62 



117 



THE CANADIAN CANALS. 

Si. Lawrence Sys/em.~The great lake and river system of Canada has been made con- 
tinuously navigable for a distance of 2,384 statute miles, by a connecting chain of ten canals, 
comprising 71^ miles of artificial navigation. This system extends from the Straits of Belle- 
Isle to Thunder Bay, at the head of Lake Superior. 

The following table of distances indicates also the respective positions of these canals, thus : — 

Statute Miles. 

Straits of Belle-Isle to Father Point 643 

Father Point to Rimouski 6 

Rimouski to Quebec 177 

Quebec to Three Rivers (or tide-water) 74 

Three Rivers to Montreal 86 

Lachine Canal gi^ 

Lachine to Beauharnois 151^ 

Beauharnois Canal iij^ 

St. Cecile to Cornwall 32K 

Cornwall Canal iij^ 

River and Farran's Point Canal 16^ 

Rapide Plat Canal 4 

River and Point Iroquois Canal 7^ 

Junction and Galops Canals 4^^ 

Prescott to Kingston 66^ 

Kingston to Port Dalhousie 170 

Port Dalhousie to Port Colborne (Welland Canal) 27 

Port Colborne to Amherstburg 232 

Amherstburg to Windsor 18 

Windsor to Foot of St. Mary's Island 25 

Foot of St. Mary's Island to Sarnia 33 

Sarnia to foot of St. Joseph's Island 270 

Foot of St. Joseph's Island to Sault St. Mary 47 

Sault St. IMary Canal i 

Head of Sault St. Mary to Point aux Pins 7 

Point aux Pins to Duluth 390 

Total 2,384 

Distances to Liverpool. — .^dd to this table the 2,234 statute miles' distance from the Straits 
to Liverpool, and it gives a total navigable length of 4,618 miles from Duluth to Liverpool. 

Difference 0/ Ler'els.— The difference in level to be overcome, to where tidal influence 
ceases, is about 600 feet. Of this, the Canadian canals, with a total number of 53 locks, over- 
come a height of 533 J^ feet. The one-mile long Sault Ste. Marie Canal, built by the United 
States, has one lock, lifting 18 feet. 

Size 0/ Locks. — The size of the locks in this system ranges from 200 to 270 feet in length by 
45 feet in width. TKe depth of water is from 9 to 14 feet, and the Government intends to make 
the whole route fit for vessels of 12 to 14 feet draught of water. 

Ottawa Canals. — There is besides, the canal route from Montreal to Ottawa and Kingston ; 
a total of 2465^ miles, with 59 locks exclusive of the Lachine Canal, and a lockage of 533^^ feet. 
The new works on this route give 9 feet water in locks 45.X200 feet. 

St. Lawrence and Neiv York. — Canal navigation is secured between the St. Lawrence and 
New York by means of the Richelieu River and Chambly Canal. This has 9 locks, with 7 ft. 
depth of water ; and connects by Lake Champlain with the United States Erie Canal, and 
the Hudson River ; a total distance of 411 miles. 

Trent River Navigation. — Of the Trent River navigation, between Lake Huron and the 
Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario, 235 miles, only part has been made navigable, chiefly for the 
passage of timber ; and 155 miles' distance is available for light draft vessels. 

St. Peter's Canal — Finally, there is the St. Peter's Canal, cut through an isthmus half-a-mi!e 
wide, between St. Peter's Bay on the Atlantic, and the Bras d' Or Lakes of Cape Breton. It has 
a lock 48x200 ft., with a depth of 18 feet and a breadth of 55 ft. 



■ 118 

DISTANCES. 

QUEBEC TO LIVERPOOL, VIA STRAITS OF BELLE-ISLE AND MALIN HEAD, 
NORTH OF IRELAND. 



From 



To 



Sections 
of _ 
Navigation. 






Quebec 

Saguenay 

Father Point 

West end of Anticosti.. 



Cape Whittle . . 

Belle-Isle 

Maiin Head. . . 



baguenay 

Father Point. . 

Lighthouse west end Anticosti.. 
Cape Whittle, Labrador Coast.. 
Belle-Isle Lighthouse, east en- 
trance of Straits 

Malin Head, North of Ireland.. 
Liverpool 



River St. Lawrence.. 

do. 

do. 
Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

_ do. 

Atlantic Ocean 

do. and Irish Sea.. 



io6 
S3 
176 
17s 

209 

1.750 

192 



Total from Quebec to Liverpool, via Belle-Isle and Malin Head, North of 
Ireland 



2,661 



122 

61 

202 

201 

240 

2,013 

221 



3,060 



QUEBEC TO LIVERPOOL, VIA CAPE RACE AND MALIN HEAD 
NORTH OF IRELAND. 




des 



Quebec 

Saguenay 

l<ather Point 

Metis 

Cap. Ste. Anne 

Monts . 

Cap de la Madeleine . 

Fame Point 

Cap des Rosiers 

Cap St. Pierre de Mi 

quelon 

Cape Race 

Malin Head 



Saguenay 

Father Point 

Metis Point 

Cap Ste. Anne des Monts. 



Cap de la Madeleine 

Fame Point 

Cap des Rosiers 

Cap St. Pierre de Miquelon . . . . 



Cape Race . . , 
Malin Head 
Liverpool . . . . 



River St. Lawrence., 
do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Gulf of St. Lawrence. 



Atlantic Ocean 

do. do. 

do. and Irish Sea- 



Total from Quebec to Liverpool, via Cape Race and Malin Head, North 
of Ireland 



106 
53 



46 


53 


29 


33 


25 


29 


343 


394 


132 


152 


1,800 


2,070 


192 


221 


2,819 


3.242 



GREAT CIRCLE OR AIR LINE 

Distances in Geographical Miles, as per M.^^p of the Dominion of Canada 
Published by Order of the Hon. the Minister of the Interior, Nov. ist, 1878 



From 



Yokohama (Japan) 

do. 

do. 

San Francisco 

do. 

Burrard Inlet 

Port Simpson 

St. John (Newfoundland), 
do. do. 

Montreal 

do 

do 

Belle Isle 

Cape Race 

do 

Tory Island 

Cape Clear 

Halifax 

Portland 

Boston 

New York 



To 



Port Simpson 

Port Moody (Burrard Inlet). . 

San Francisco , 

New York 

Montreal , 

do 

do 

Cape Clear 

Torj'' Island 

Quebec (River St. Lawrence) 
C.ipe Race (wza St. Paul) .... 

Belle Isle 

Tory Island 

do 

Cape Clear 

Liverpool 

do 

Cape Race 

do 

do 

do 



Miles. 



3.865 
4.374 
4.470 
2,228 

2,202 
1,992 
2,194 
1,670 
1.693 

145 
1. 013 

892 

1.657 

1.736 

1,708 

240 

310 

470 

767 

808 

1,010 



119 



ANALYSIS OF MANITOBA SOIL. 

(Translation of Letter to Senator Emil Klotz.) 

" Kiel, 29th April, 1872. 
" Hon. Senator : 

" The analysis of the Manitoba soil is now completed, and the result is in 100,000 parts : — 

Potash 228.7 

Sodium.. ' 33.8 

Phosphoric Acid 69.4 

Lime 682.6 

Magnesia 16. i 

Nitrogen 486. i 

" Yours truly, 

(Signed), " V. E.MMRRLING." 

(Extract from Letter of Senator Emil Klotz to Jacob E. Klotz, Agent for the Dominion 

Go^'emment.) 

" Kiel, 4th May, 1872. 

"After considerable delay I succeeded in obtaining the analysis of the Manitoba soil from 
Professor Emmerling, Director of the Chemical Laboratory of the Agricultural Association of 
this place, and hope it may be of service to you. Anne.xld I give you our analysis of the most 
productive soil in Holstein, whereby you will see how exceedingly rich the productive qualities 
of the Manitoba soil are, and which fully e.\plains the fact that the land in Manitoba is so very- 
fertile, even without manure. 

" The chief nutrients are, first, nitrogen, then potash and phosphoric acid, which predomi- 
nates there ; but what is of particular importance is the lime contained in the soil, wliereby the 
nitrogen is set free, and ready to b« absorbed in vegetable organisms. The latter property is 
defective in many soils, and when it is found defective recourse must be had to artificial means 
by putting lime or marl (a clay which contains much lime) upon the same. 

" According to the analysis of the Manitoba soil, there is no doubt that, to the farmer who 
desires to select for his future home a country which has the most productive soil and promises 
the richest harvest, no country in the world offers greater attractions than the Province of Mani- 
toba, in the Dominion of Canada. 

" Analysis of the Holstein soil and Manitoba soil compared : 

Holstein Excess of Properties oj 

Soil. Manitoba Soil. 

Potash .■ 30 198.7 

Sodium 20 13.8 

Phosphoric Acid 40 29.4 

Lime 130 552-6 

Magnesia 10 6. i 

Nitrogen 40 446.1" 



Analytical Laboratory, Surgeon's Hall, 

Edinburgh, 14th December, 1876. 

Analysis of Sample of Manitoba Soil. 

Moisture £1.364 

Organic matter containing nitrogen equal to ammonia, 23° 1 1 . 223 

Saline matter : 

Phosphates 0.472 

Carbonate of lime 1-763 

Carbonate of magnesia 0-937 

Alkaline salts 1.273 

Oxide of iron 3-ii5 

7.560 

Silicious matter : 

Sand and silica 51-721 

Alumina 8. 132 

59-853 

100. 090 

The above soil is very rich in organic matter, and contains the full amount of the saline 
fertilizing matters found in all soils of a good bearing quality. 

(Signed) Stephenson M.'cadam, M.D., 

Lecturer on Chemistry, etc. 



120 

NATURALIZATION. 

United States Naturalization I.atv. 

An alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States in the following manner, 
and not otherwise : — 

^ First. He shall declare on oath, before a Circuit or District Court of the United States, or a 
District or Supreme Court of the Territories, or a Court of Record of any of the States having 
Common-law Jurisdiction and a Seal and Clerk, two years, at least, prior to his admission, that 
it is bonajide his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all 
allegiance and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty of which the alien 
may be at the time a citizen or subject. 

Second. He shall, at the time of his application to be admitted, declare on oath before some 
one of the Courts above specified that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and 
that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign 
Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the Prince, Potentate, 
State or Sovereignty, of which he was before a citizen or subject ; which proceedings shall be 
recorded by the Clerk of the Court. (Revised Statutes of the United States, and edition, €878.) 



DECLARATORY STATEMENT OF A UNITED STATES CITIZEN. 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DISTRICT COURT, 

STATE OF MINNESOTA. f County of 

personally appeared before the subscriber, the Clerk 01 
the District Court of the Judicial District for said State of Minnesota, being 

a Court of Record, and made oath that he was born in 

on and about the year eighteen hundred and , that he emigrated to the 

United States, and landed at the port of on or about the month of 

in the year eighteen hundred and ; that it is 

bona Jide his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all 
allegiance and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Soversignty whatever, and 
particularly to the Queen of England, whereof he is a subject. 
Subscribed and sworn to this ) 

day of A.D. 18 | 

Clerk. 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

STATE OF MINNESOTA, 

County of 

I, _ Clerk of the District Court of the 

ca D istrict for the State of Minnesota, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a copy of a 
Recotd now in my office. 

In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and affixed the Seal of the said 
District Court this day of 18 

Clerk. 



FINAL OBLIGATION OF A UNITED STATES CITIZEN. 

DISTRICT COURT, ) STATE MINNESOTA. 

Judicial District, >• 
County of ) Term, 18 

In the matter of the application of to become a citizen of the 

United States, and being severally sworn, 

do depose and say, each for himself, that he is a citizen of the United States, that he is well 
acquainted with the above named that he has resided within the 

limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for five years last past, and for one year 
last past within the State of Minnesota ; and that during the same period he has behaved himself 
as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United 
States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. 
Subscribed and sworn to in open Court this ) 

day of 18 J 

Clerk. 



121 



DISTRICT COURT, ) STATE OF MINNESOTA. 

. Judicial Court, 
County of 

I, A. B., do swear that I will support the Constitution of the United States of America, and 
that I do absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure forever, all allegiance and fidelity to every 
Foreign Power, Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty whatever ; and particularly to the 
Queen of England, whose subject I was. And further, that I have never borne any hereditary 
title, or been of any of the degrees of nobility of the country' whereof I have been a subject, and 
that I have resided within the United States for five years last past, and in this State for one 
year last past. 

Subscribed and sworn to in open Court this ) 

day of j 

Clerk. 

DISTRICT COURT, ) STATE OF MINNESOTA, 

Judicial District, > 
County of ) 

And now, to wit : At a term of said Court, now being held at in and for the 

County of in said State, upon the foregoing oath and affidavits, and upon 

further proof having been made by the production of a certificate that the said 
did, before the Clerk of Court 

the same being a Court of Record, having common law jurisdiction, make the requisite declaration 
of his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce all other allegiance, as 
required by the laws of the United States. 

It is Ordered by the Court, that the said 
be, and he is hereby admitted to be, a citizen of the United States. 
By the Court : 

Clerk. 
A true Record. Attest : 

Clerk. 



CANADIAN NATURALIZATION, PASSPORTS, AND OATHS OF 
ALLEGIANCE. 

CIRCULAR 

Downing Street, i8th Maj', 1882. 
Sir, — Her Majesty's Government have had under their consideration the position of Aliens 
naturalized in a Colony, when travelling beyond the limits of the Colony in which naturalization 
h.-is been granted, and they have decided that Aliens naturalized in British Colonies shall, as 
regards their claim to British protection out of Her i\Iaje>t.v's Dominions, be placed, in future, 
on the same footing as Aliens naturalized in this country under the Naturalization Act of 1870. 

2. To carrj- out this object. Aliens naturalized in British Colonies will be allowed to receive 
from the Governor of the Colony in which they have been naturalized a passport unlimited in 
point of duration, instead of a passport for one year, as is now authorized. These passports will 
also be isbued by the Foreign Office in London, on the recommendation of the Secretary of State 
for the Colonies. 

3. If, however, an Alien naturalized in the Colony, and not possessing such passport, finds 
himself in need of one when in a foreign countrj-, a British Minister or Consul will be empowered, 
on such evidence as he may deem sufficient, to grant him a Provisional Passport, limited in 
duration, in order to meet the immediate requirements of his case, and to enable him to return 
to his Colony or to the United Kingdom, and so establish his identity beyond question, and 
obtain a Permanent Passport. 

4. I enclose an amended Regulation, which will be substituted in the Colonial Regulations 
for the present Regulation No. 404, in Chapter XIV.; and also an amended Form of Passport, 
which will be inserted in the Appendix, in place of the Form and Memorandum now in use. 

I have the honour to be. Sir, 

Your most obedient, humble servant, 

KIMBERLEY. 
The Officer Administering the 

Government of Canada 

Form 0/ Passport. 

This Passport is granted to A. B., natura'ized as a British subject in this Colony, to enable 
him to travel in foreign parts. . 

This Passport is granted with the qualification that the bearer shall not, \yhen within the 
limits of the Foreign State of which he was a subject previously to obtaining his Colonial Cer- 
tificate of Naturalization, be entitled to British protection, unless he has ceased to be a subject 
of that State in pursuance of the laws thereof, or in pursuance of a Treaty to that effect 

(Signed C. D. 

Governor, (Lieutenant "Governor, or 
Officer Administering the Govern- 
ment) of the (Colony, Lsland, or 
Province) of 



122 

5. //. Passports to Naturalized British Subject in the Colonies. 

404. Governors are authorized to issue Paissports for foreign travel to persons naturalized in 
their respective Colonies. The Form of Passport is inserted in the Appendix (page 317). These 
Passports must be signed by the Officer administering the Government, and must contain an 
express declaration that the person receiving the Passport has been naturalized as a British 
subject in the Colony. 



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DOMINION OF CANADA. 



Guide Book 



CONTAINING 



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PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 




OTTAWA : 
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'1882 



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